Critical Debates on Liberal Peacebuilding

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Notes

 1. Neil Cooper, ‘Review Article: On the Crisis of the Liberal Peace’, Conflict, Security & Development 7/4 (2007) p.605.

 2. Roland Paris, ‘Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism’, International Security 22/2 (1997) pp.54–89.

 3. Different strands of the democratic peace theory have emerged over time, each having an impact on the liberal peace debate. They include studies of the obsolescence of major wars following a normative evolution of mental habits, economic theses based on cost–benefit analyses of conflict, and institutional perspectives, studying the impact of international institutions on the behaviour of states. See John Mueller, Retreat of Doomsday: The Obsolescence of Major War (New York: Basic Books 1988); John Oneal and Bruce Russett, ‘Assessing the Liberal Peace with Alternative Specifications: Trade Still Reduces Conflict’, Journal of Peace Research 36/4 (1999) pp.423–42; Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1993); Bruce Russett and John Oneal, Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 2001).

 4. For instance, Fareed Zakaria, in a somewhat mainstream study of ‘illiberal’ democracy promotion, looks at how democracy and illiberalism are correlated and how the democratic peace is actually the liberal peace. Fareed Zakaria, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (New York: W. W. Norton & Co. 2003).

 5. Johan Galtung, Peace: Research – Education – Action. Essays in Peace Research, Vol. 1 (Copenhague: Christian Ejlers 1975) p.245.

 6. Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars (New York: Zed Books 2001) p.15.

 7. Jason Franks and Oliver Richmond, ‘Coopting Liberal Peace-Building: Untying the Gordian Knot in Kosovo’, Cooperation and Conflict 43/1 (2008) p.83.

 8. Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power: The Economy of Linguistic Exchanges (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1991) p.167. See also Nicolas Lemay-Hébert, ‘The Bifurcation of the Two Worlds: Assessing the Gap Between Internationals and Locals in State-Building Processes’, Third World Quarterly 32/10 (2011) pp.1834–35.

 9. Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (London: Sage 1990) p.xxii.

10. See David Chandler, ‘Peacebuilding and the Politics of Non-Linearity: Rethinking “Hidden” Agency and “Resistance”’, Peacebuilding 1/1 (2013) pp.17–32.

11. See, for instance, John Heathershaw, ‘Unpacking the Liberal Peace: The Dividing and Merging of Peacebuilding Discourses’, Millennium 36/3 (2008) pp.597–621; Oliver Richmond, ‘The Problem of Peace: Understanding the “Liberal” Peace’, Conflict, Security and Development 6/3 (2006) pp.291–314.

12. David Chandler, ‘The Uncritical Critique of Liberal Peace’, Review of International Studies 36/S1 (2010) pp.137–55; See also the conclusion by Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh and Oliver Richmond in Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh (ed.) Rethinking the Liberal Peace: External Models and Local Alternatives (Routledge, London 2011).

13. David Chandler, ‘The Security–Development Nexus and the Rise of “Anti-Foreign Policy”’, Journal of International Relations and Development 10/4 (2007) p.363.

14. See, for instance, Timothy Sisk, ‘Pathways of the Political: Electoral Processes After Civil War’, in Roland Paris and Timothy Sisk (eds) The Dilemmas of Statebuilding (Abingdon: Routledge 2009) pp.196–224.

15. Nicolas Lemay-Hébert, ‘Coerced Transitions in Timor-Leste and Kosovo: Managing Competing Objectives of Institution-Building and Local Empowerment’, Democratization 19/3 (2012) pp.465–85; See also Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh's chapter ‘Open Societies, Open Markets’ in Rethinking the Liberal Peace.

16. See Alex Bellamy, ‘The “Next Stage” in Peace Operations Theory?’ in Alex Bellamy and Paul Williams (eds) Peace Operations and Global Order (Abingdon: Routledge 2005) pp.17–38.

17. Robert Cox, ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory’, in Robert Keohane (ed.) Neorealism and its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press 1986) pp.207–08. Cox's work is itself inspired by Max Horkheimer's lecture on traditional and critical theory (1937).

18. Timothy Sinclair, ‘Beyond International Relations Theory: Robert W. Cox and Approaches to World Order’, in Robert Cox and Timothy Sinclair (eds) Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996) p.6.

19. Cox (note 17) p.209.

20. Ronen Palan, ‘A World of Their Making: An Evaluation of the Constructivist Critique in International Relations’, Review of International Studies 26/4 (2000) p.576.

21. Roland Paris, ‘Saving Liberal Peacebuilding’, Review of International Studies 36/2 (2010) p.338.

22. Neil Cooper, Mandy Turner and Michael Pugh, ‘The End of History and the Last Liberal Peacebuilder: A Reply to Roland Paris’, Review of International Studies 37/4 (2011) pp.1995–2007.

23. Chandler (note 12) p.139.

24. Roland Paris and Timothy Sisk (eds) The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations (London: Routledge 2009).

25. David Roberts, ‘Post-Conflict Peacebuilding, Liberal Irrelevance and the Locus of Legitimacy’, International Peacekeeping 18/4 (2011) pp.410–24; David Roberts, ‘Everyday Legitimacy and Postconflict States: Introduction’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 7/1 (2013) pp.1–10.

26. See Oliver Richmond, Peace in International Relations (London: Routledge 2008) p.150; or David Chandler, ‘The Liberal Peace: Statebuilding, Democracy and Local Ownership’, in Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh (ed.) Rethinking the Liberal Peace (New York: Routledge 2011) pp.77–88.

27. Thomas P. M. Barnett, The Pentagon's New Map (New York: Penguin 2004).

28. See Oliver Richmond, A Post-Liberal Peace (London: Routledge 2011); David Chandler, International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-Liberal Governance (London: Routledge 2010); Ioannis Tellidis, ‘The End of the Liberal Peace? Post-Liberal Peace vs. Post-Liberal States’, International Studies Review 14/3 (2012) pp.429–35.

29. Roland Paris, At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2004) pp.179–211.

30. David Chandler, ‘Resilience and Human Security: The Post-Interventionist Paradigm’, Security Dialogue 43/3 (2012) pp.213–29; Edward Newman, ‘A Human Security Peace-Building Agenda’, Third World Quarterly 32/10 (2011) pp.1737–56.

31. Roger Mac Ginty, ‘Hybrid Peace: How Does Hybrid Peace Come About?’ in Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam (eds) A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding (New York: Zed Books 2011) pp.209–25; Roger Mac Ginty, ‘Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace’, Security Dialogue, 41/4 (2010) pp.391–412; Kevin P. Clements, Volker Boege, Anne Brown, Wendy Foley, and Anna Nolan, ‘State Building Reconsidered: The Role of Hybridity in the Formation of Political Order’, Political Science 59/1 (2008) pp.45–56; Oliver Richmond and Audra Mitchell (eds) Hybrid Forms of Peace: From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan 2011).

32. Berit Bliesemann de Guevara, ‘The State in Times of Statebuilding’, Civil Wars 10/4 (2008) pp.348–68; Berit Bliesemann de Guevara, ‘Introduction: The Limits of Statebuilding and the Analysis of State-Formation’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 4/2 (2010) pp.111–28; Shahar Hameiri, ‘Failed States or a Failed Paradigm? State Capacity and the Limits of Institutionalism’, Journal of International Relations and Development 10/2 (2007) pp.122–49; Nicolas Lemay-Hébert, ‘Rethinking Weberian Approaches to Statebuilding’, in David Chandler and Timothy Sisk (eds) Routledge Handbook of International Statebuilding (Abingdon: Routledge 2013) pp.3–14.

33. Deemed ‘unhelpful’ by a collective of scholars on the subject. Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam, ‘Introduction: The Politics of Liberal Peace’, in Susanna Campbell, David Chandler and Meera Sabaratnam (eds) A Liberal Peace? The Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding (New York: Zed Books 2011) p.1.

34. John Moolakkattu, ‘Robert W. Cox and Critical Theory of International Relations’, International Studies 46/4 (2009) p.444.