Role of oxidative stress in diabetes-induced complications and their management with antioxidants

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a huge global health issue and one of the most studied diseases, with a large global prevalence. Oxidative stress is a cytotoxic consequence of the excessive development of ROS and suppression of the antioxidant defense system for ROS elimination, which accelerates the progression of diabetes complications such as diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Hyperglycaemia induced oxidative stress causes the activation of seven major pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. These pathways increase the production of ROS and RNS, which contributes to dysregulated autophagy, gene expression changes, and the development of numerous pro-inflammatory mediators which may eventually lead to diabetic complications. This review will illustrate that oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and the use of antioxidants will help to reduce oxidative stress and thus may alleviate diabetic complications.

Graphic Abstract

Keywords:

• Diabetes mellitus
• oxidative stress
• reactive oxygen species
• retinopathy
• neuropathy
• nephropathy
• cardiomyopathy
• antioxidants

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences of GNDU for supporting this study and providing technical facilities for this work.

Author contributions

Hasandeep Singh, Rajanpreet Singh, Arshdeep Singh and Harshbir Singh helps in writing the manuscript and original draft preparation. Gurpreet Singh and Sarabjit Kaur helps in the formal analysis and data curation. Balbir Singh supervised and helps in reviewing and editing the final manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Availability of data and materials

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analysed in this study.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.