Perceived cognitive impairment is related to internalizing psychopathology but unrelated to objective cognitive performance among nongeriatric adults presenting for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation

Abstract

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between perceived cognitive impairment, objective cognitive performance, and intrapersonal variables thought to influence ratings of perceived cognitive impairment. Method: Study sample comprised 194 nongeriatric adults who were seen in a general outpatient neuropsychology clinic for a variety of referral questions. The cognition subscale score from the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule served as the measure of perceived cognitive impairment. Objective cognitive performance was indexed via a composite score derived from a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Internalizing psychopathology was indexed via a composite score derived from anxiety and depression measures. Medical and neuropsychiatric comorbidities were indexed by the number of different ICD diagnostic categories documented in medical records. Demographics included age, sex, race, and years of education. Results: Objective cognitive performance was unrelated to subjective concerns, explaining <1% of the variance in perceived cognitive impairment ratings. Conversely, internalizing psychopathology was significantly predictive, explaining nearly one-third of the variance in perceived cognitive impairment ratings, even after accounting for test performance, demographics, and number of comorbidities. Internalizing psychopathology was also highly associated with a greater discrepancy between scores on perceived and objective cognitive measures among participants with greater cognitive concerns. Clinically significant somatic symptoms uniquely contributed to the explained variance in perceived cognitive impairment (by ∼13%) when analyzed in a model with internalizing symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that perceived cognitive impairment may be more indicative of the extent of internalizing psychopathology and somatic concerns than cognitive ability.

Keywords:

• Subjective cognitive impairment
• cognitive complaints
• perceived cognitive impairment
• neuropsychology
• depression

Acknowledgements

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Disclosure statement

None declared.

Notes

1 Boston Naming Test, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Number Sequencing, Letter-Number Sequencing, Letter Fluency, and Category Fluency, California Verbal Learning Test Total and Long Delay Free Recall, Controlled Auditory Word Association Test Letter and Category Fluency, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Naming, Trail Making Test Part A and B, and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 4^th edition (WAIS-IV) Digit Span Total, Coding, Similarities, and Matrix Reasoning. Generally speaking, processing speed was measured via the WAIS-IV Coding, Trail Making Test Part A, and D-KEFS Number Sequencing; attention and working memory was measured via the WAIS-IV Digit Span; executive functioning was measured via the Trail Making Test Part B, D-KEFS Letter-Number Sequencing, and WAIS-IV Similarities; language was measured via the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery Naming, Boston Naming Test, and Verbal Fluency tests from the Controlled Auditory Word Association Test and D-KEFS; visuospatial ability was measured via the WAIS-IV Matrix Reasoning; learning and memory was measured via the California Verbal Learning Test Total and Long Delay Free Recall, respectively (Lezak et al., 2012).

Additional information

Funding

None.