Perceived cognitive impairment is related to internalizing psychopathology but unrelated to objective cognitive performance among nongeriatric adults presenting for outpatient neuropsychological evaluation

References

• Aarts, S., van den Akker, M., Hajema, K. J., van Ingen, A. M., Metsemakers, J. F. M., Verhey, F. R. J., & van Boxtel, M. P. J. (2011). Multimorbidity and its relation to subjective memory complaints in a large general population of older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(4), 616–624. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210002024[Mismatch]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aghjayan, S. L., Buckley, R. F., Vannini, P., Rentz, D. M., Jackson, J. D., Sperling, R. A., Johnson, K. A., & Amariglio, R. E. (2017). The influence of demographic factors on subjective cognitive concerns and beta-amyloid. International Psychogeriatrics, 29(4), 645–652. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216001502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology. (2007). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) practice guidelines for neuropsychological assessment and consultation. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21(2), 209–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825580601025932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayers, E., Weiss, E. F., & Verghese, J. (2020). 5-Cog study: Cross-cultural comparison of subjective cognitive complaints in a diverse primary care population. Innovation in Aging, 4(Supplement_1), 361–361. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1162
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 5–37.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck depression inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67(3), 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Carbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8(1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benito-León, J., Mitchell, A. J., Vega, S., & Bermejo-Pareja, F. (2010). A population-based study of cognitive function in older people with subjective memory complaints. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 22(1), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-100972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2008). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF): Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhang, I., Mogle, J., Hill, N., Whitaker, E. B., & Bhargava, S. (2020). Examining the temporal associations between self-reported memory problems and depressive symptoms in older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 24(11), 1864–1871. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2019.1647135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biessels, G. J., Staekenborg, S., Brunner, E., Brayne, C., & Scheltens, P. (2006). Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. The Lancet. Neurology, 5(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70284-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M. J., & Patterson, R. (2020). Subjective cognitive decline among sexual and gender minorities: Results from a U.S. population-based sample. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 73(2), 477–487. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-190869
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, R., Saling, M. M., Ames, D., Rowe, C. C., Lautenschlager, N. T., Macaulay, S. L., Martins, R. N., Masters, C. L., O’Meara, T., Savage, G., Szoeke, C., Villemagne, V. L., & Ellis, K. A. (2013). Factors affecting subjective memory complaints in the AIBL aging study: Biomarkers, memory, affect, and age. International Psychogeriatrics, 25(8), 1307–1315. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610213000665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugnicourt, J.-M., Godefroy, O., Chillon, J.-M., Choukroun, G., & Massy, Z. A. (2013). Cognitive disorders and dementia in CKD: The neglected kidney-brain axis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 24(3), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2012050536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmester, B., Leathem, J., & Merrick, P. (2016). Subjective cognitive complaints and objective cognitive function in aging: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent cross-sectional findings. Neuropsychology Review, 26(4), 376–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-016-9332-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caracciolo, B., Gatz, M., Xu, W., Marengoni, A., Pedersen, N. L., & Fratiglioni, L. (2013). Relationship of subjective cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment no dementia to chronic disease and multimorbidity in a nation-wide twin study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 36(2), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-122050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caramelli, P., & Beato, R. G. (2008). Subjective memory complaints and cognitive performance in a sample of healthy elderly. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 2(1), 42–45. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-57642009DN20100009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Subjective cognitive decline—A public health issue. https://www.Cdc.Gov/Aging/Data/Subjective-Cognitive-Decline-Brief.Html
   Google Scholar
• Chelune, G. J., Heaton, R. K., & Lehman, R. A. (1986). Neuropsychological and personality correlates of patients’ complaints of disability. In G. Goldstein, & R. E. Tarter (Eds.), Advances in clinical neuropsychology (vol 3, pp. 95–126). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2211-5_4
   Google Scholar
• Cockshell, S. J., & Mathias, J. L. (2014). Cognitive functioning in people with chronic fatigue syndrome: A comparison between subjective and objective measures. Neuropsychology, 28(3), 394–405. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conradi, H. J., Ormel, J., & de Jonge, P. (2011). Presence of individual (residual) symptoms during depressive episodes and periods of remission: A 3-year prospective study. Psychological Medicine, 41(6), 1165–1174. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crumley, J. J., Stetler, C. A., & Horhota, M. (2014). Examining the relationship between subjective and objective memory performance in older adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 29(2), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cvejic, E., Birch, R. C., & Vollmer-Conna, U. (2016). Cognitive dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome: A review of recent evidence. Current Rheumatology Reports, 18(5), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-016-0577-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daglas‐Georgiou, R., Bryce, S., Smith, G., Kaur, M., Cheng, N., de Rozario, M., Wood, S. J., & Allott, K. (2022). Treatments for objective and subjective cognitive functioning in young people with depression: Systematic review of current evidence. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 16(10), 1057–1074. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.13248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, K., Donnelly, J. P., Warner, G. C., Kittleson, C. J., & King, P. R. (2018). Longitudinal study of objective and subjective cognitive performance and psychological distress in OEF/OIF veterans with and without traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 32(3), 436–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1390163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dux, M. C., Woodard, J. L., Calamari, J. E., Messina, M., Arora, S., Chik, H., & Pontarelli, N. (2008). The moderating role of negative affect on objective verbal memory performance and subjective memory complaints in healthy older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 14(2), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617708080363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmael, A., Abdelsalam, M., Shoukri, A., & Elsherif, M. (2021). Subjective cognitive impairment in patients with transformed migraine and the associated psychological and sleep disturbances. Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 25(4), 2119–2126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-021-02308-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farias, S. T., Mungas, D., Reed, B. R., Cahn-Weiner, D., Jagust, W., Baynes, K., & Decarli, C. (2008). The measurement of everyday cognition (ECog): Scale development and psychometric properties. Neuropsychology, 22(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.4.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flatt, J. D., Cicero, E. C., Lambrou, N. H., Wharton, W., Anderson, J. G., Bouldin, E. D., McGuire, L. C., & Taylor, C. A. (2021). Subjective cognitive decline higher among sexual and gender minorities in the United States, 2015–2018. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 7(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/trc2.12197
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg, D. S., & McGee, S. J. (2011). Pain as a global public health priority. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 770. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2004). Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT) for Microsoft windows: User’s manual. Green’s Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Green, P., Iverson, G. L., & Allen, L. (1999). Detecting malingering in head injury litigation with the Word Memory Test. Brain Injury, 13(10), 813–819. https://doi.org/10.1080/026990599121205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, S. (2021). Racial and ethnic disparities in subjective cognitive decline: A closer look, United States, 2015–2018. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11068-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahm, S., Muehlan, H., Stolzenburg, S., Tomczyk, S., Schmidt, S., & Schomerus, G. (2020). How stigma interferes with symptom awareness: Discrepancy between objective and subjective cognitive performance in currently untreated persons with mental health problems. Stigma and Health, 5(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000184
   Google Scholar
• Hill, N. L., Mogle, J., Wion, R., Munoz, E., DePasquale, N., Yevchak, A. M., & Parisi, J. M. (2016). Subjective cognitive impairment and affective symptoms: A systematic review. The Gerontologist, 56(6), e109–e127. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsfall, J., Cleary, M., & Hunt, G. E. (2010). Stigma in mental health: Clients and professionals. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(7), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840903537167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hou, Y., Dan, X., Babbar, M., Wei, Y., Hasselbalch, S. G., Croteau, D. L., & Bohr, V. A. (2019). Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 15(10), 565–581. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0244-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, A. J., Bhattarai, J., Paul, S., & Beier, M. (2019). Depressive symptoms and fatigue as predictors of objective-subjective discrepancies in cognitive function in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 30, 192–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2019.01.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, A. D., Hosking, J. R., Kichenadasse, G., Mattiske, J. K., & Wilson, C. (2012). Objective and subjective cognitive impairment following chemotherapy for cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treatment Reviews, 38(7), 926–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, Y., Haley, W. E., Choi, E. Y., & Franco, Y. (2022). Racial/ethnic differences in correspondence between subjective cognitive ratings and cognitive impairment. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 30(5), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2021.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennette, K. J., Williams, C. P., Resch, Z. J., Ovsiew, G. P., Durkin, N. M., O’Rourke, J. J. F., Marceaux, J. C., Critchfield, E. A., & Soble, J. R. (2022). Assessment of differential neurocognitive performance based on the number of performance validity tests failures: A cross-validation study across multiple mixed clinical samples. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(7), 1915–1932. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1900398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessen, F., Amariglio, R. E., van Boxtel, M., Breteler, M., Ceccaldi, M., Chételat, G., Dubois, B., Dufouil, C., Ellis, K. A., van der Flier, W. M., Glodzik, L., van Harten, A. C., de Leon, M. J., McHugh, P., Mielke, M. M., Molinuevo, J. L., Mosconi, L., Osorio, R. S., Perrotin, A., … Wagner, M. (2014). A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 10(6), 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassambara, A. (2018). Machine learning essentials: Practical guide in R. Statistical Tools for High-Throughput Data Analysis.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, E.-M., Bowen, C. E., Baer, M., Froelich, L., & Wahl, H.-W. (2012). Dementia worry: A psychological examination of an unexplored phenomenon. European Journal of Ageing, 9(4), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-012-0242-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsinger, S. W., Lattie, E., & Mohr, D. C. (2010). Relationship between depression, fatigue, subjective cognitive impairment, and objective neuropsychological functioning in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychology, 24(5), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobelt, G., Langdon, D., & Jönsson, L. (2019). The effect of self-assessed fatigue and subjective cognitive impairment on work capacity: The case of multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England), 25(5), 740–749. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458518769837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambrou, N. H., Gleason, C. E., Obedin-Maliver, J., Lunn, M. R., Flentje, A., Lubensky, M. E., & Flatt, J. D. (2022). Subjective cognitive decline associated with discrimination in medical settings among transgender and nonbinary older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159168
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., Sung, J., & Choi, M. (2020). The factors associated with subjective cognitive decline and cognitive function among older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 76(2), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). Oxford Press University.
   Google Scholar
• Mäntylä, T., Rönnlund, M., & Kliegel, M. (2010). Components of executive functioning in metamemory. Applied Neuropsychology, 17(4), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/09084282.2010.525090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis, S. A., Kelly, D. A., Daiello, L. A., Davis, J., Tremont, G., Pillemer, S., Denby, C., & Ott, B. R. (2021). Anticholinergic/sedative drug burden and subjective cognitive decline in older adults at risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 76(6), 1037–1043. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, M. (1983). Cognitive failure: Everyday and laboratory performance. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 21(2), 97–100. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03329964
   Google Scholar
• Mendes, T., Ginó, S., Ribeiro, F., Guerreiro, M., Sousa, G. d., Ritchie, K., & de Mendonça, A. (2008). Memory complaints in healthy young and elderly adults: Reliability of memory reporting. Aging & Mental Health, 12(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860701797281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonça, M. D., Alves, L., & Bugalho, P. (2016). From subjective cognitive complaints to dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 31(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533317515592331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minett, T. S. C., da Silva, R. V., Ortiz, K. Z., & Bertolucci, P. H. F. (2008). Subjective memory complaints in an elderly sample: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. J., Beaumont, H., Ferguson, D., Yadegarfar, M., & Stubbs, B. (2014). Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: Meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(6), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mol, M. E. M., Ruiter, R. A. C., Verhey, F. R. J., Dijkstra, J., & Jolles, J. (2008). A study into the psychosocial determinants of perceived forgetfulness: Implications for future interventions. Aging & Mental Health, 12(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860801972503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey, L. C. (2007). Personality assessment inventory (PAI): Professional manual (2nd ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Morey, L. C. (2020). PAI Plus: Professional manual supplement.
   Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). Communicating science effectively. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/23674
   Google Scholar
• Pachana, N. A., Byrne, G. J., Siddle, H., Koloski, N., Harley, E., & Arnold, E. (2007). Development and validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. International Psychogeriatrics, 19(1), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610206003504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearman, A., Hertzog, C., & Gerstorf, D. (2014). Little evidence for links between memory complaints and memory performance in very old age: Longitudinal analyses from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 29(4), 828–842. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rami, L., Mollica, M. A., García-Sanchez, C., Saldaña, J., Sanchez, B., Sala, I., Valls-Pedret, C., Castellví, M., Olives, J., & Molinuevo, J. L. (2014). The subjective cognitive decline questionnaire (SCD-Q): A validation study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 41(2), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-132027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasouli, O., Gotaas, M. E., Stensdotter, A.-K., Skovlund, E., Landrø, N. I., Dåstøl, P., & Fors, E. A. (2019). Neuropsychological dysfunction in chronic fatigue syndrome and the relation between objective and subjective findings. Neuropsychology, 33(5), 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez, D., Ayers, E., Weiss, E. F., & Verghese, J. (2021). Cross-cultural comparisons of subjective cognitive complaints in a diverse primary care population. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 81(2), 545–555. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh, M., Dan, H., & Kim, O. (2021). Influencing factors of subjective cognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(21), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, T. C., Majeroni, B. A., Pretorius, R., & Malik, K. (2008). Fatigue: An overview. American Family Physician, 78(10), 1173–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowell, S. F., Green, J. S., Teachman, B. A., & Salthouse, T. A. (2016). Age does not matter: Memory complaints are related to negative affect throughout adulthood. Aging & Mental Health, 20(12), 1255–1263. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1078284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schliep, K. C., Barbeau, W. A., Lynch, K. E., Sorweid, M. K., Varner, M. W., Foster, N. L., & Qeadan, F. (2022). Overall and sex-specific risk factors for subjective cognitive decline: Findings from the 2015–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey. Biology of Sex Differences, 13(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-022-00425-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siciliano, M., Trojano, L., De Micco, R., Sant’Elia, V., Giordano, A., Russo, A., Passamonti, L., Tedeschi, G., Chiorri, C., & Tessitore, A. (2021). Correlates of the discrepancy between objective and subjective cognitive functioning in non-demented patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, 268(9), 3444–3455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10519-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberg, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P. R., & Jacobs, G. A. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, C. R., Cooney, M. L., Frank, B., Bender, H. A., Winkel, G., & Lucchini, R. G. (2021). Mental health mediators of subjective cognitive concerns among World Trade Center responders. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 140, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, R. (2012). Subjective cognitive impairment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(6), 445–450. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283586fd8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, R., Dufouil, C., Godin, O., Ritchie, K., Maillard, P., Delcroix, N., Crivello, F., Mazoyer, B., & Tzourio, C. (2008). Neuroimaging correlates of subjective memory deficits in a community population. Neurology, 70(18), 1601–1607. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000310982.99438.54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet, J. J., Heilbronner, R. L., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Rohling, M. L., Boone, K. B., Kirkwood, M. W., Schroeder, R. W., & Suhr, J. A. (2021). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) 2021 consensus statement on validity assessment: Update of the 2009 AACN consensus conference statement on neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(6), 1053–1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1896036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. A., Bouldin, E. D., Greenlund, K. J., & McGuire, L. C. (2020). Comorbid chronic conditions among older adults with subjective cognitive decline, United States, 2015–2017. Innovation in Aging, 4(1), igz045. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, C. A., Bouldin, E. D., & McGuire, L. C. (2018). Subjective Cognitive Decline Among Adults Aged ≥45 Years—United States, 2015–2016. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(27), 753–757. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6727a1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teodoro, T., Edwards, M. J., & Isaacs, J. D. (2018). A unifying theory for cognitive abnormalities in functional neurological disorders, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: Systematic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 89(12), 1308–1319. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-317823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (1997). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact and cognitively impaired individuals. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita, T., Sugawara, N., Kaneda, A., Okubo, N., Iwane, K., Takahashi, I., Kaneko, S., & Yasui-Furukori, N. (2014). Sex-specific effects of subjective memory complaints with respect to cognitive impairment or depressive symptoms. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68(3), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ton, T. G. N., DeLeire, T., May, S. G., Hou, N., Tebeka, M. G., Chen, E., & Chodosh, J. (2017). The financial burden and health care utilization patterns associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 13(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.08.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2011). Global and domain-specific changes in cognition throughout adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Üstün, T. B., Chatterji, S., Kostanjsek, N., Rehm, J., Kennedy, C., Epping-Jordan, J., Saxena, S., von Korff, M., & Pull, C. (2010). Developing the World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88(11), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.09.067231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violan, C., Foguet-Boreu, Q., Flores-Mateo, G., Salisbury, C., Blom, J., Freitag, M., Glynn, L., Muth, C., & Valderas, J. M. (2014). Prevalence, determinants and patterns of multimorbidity in primary care: A systematic review of observational studies. PloS One, 9(7), e102149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., van Belle, G., Crane, P. K., Kukull, W. A., Bowen, J. D., McCormick, W. C., & Larson, E. B. (2004). Subjective memory deterioration and future dementia in people aged 65 and older. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(12), 2045–2051. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52568.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines.
   Google Scholar
• Yesavage, J. A. (1988). Geriatric Depression Scale. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24(4), 709–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zapater-Fajarí, M., Crespo-Sanmiguel, I., Pérez, V., Hidalgo, V., & Salvador, A. (2022). Subjective memory complaints in young and older healthy people: Importance of anxiety, positivity, and cortisol indexes. Personality and Individual Differences, 197, 111768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimprich, D., Martin, M., & Kliegel, M. (2003). Subjective cognitive complaints, memory performance, and depressive affect in old age: A change-oriented approach. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 57(4), 339–366. https://doi.org/10.2190/G0ER-ARNM-BQVU-YKJN
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Županič, E., Wimo, A., Winblad, B., & Kramberger, M. G. (2022). Cost of diagnosing and treating cognitive complaints: One-year cost-evaluation study in a patient cohort from a Slovenian memory clinic. Zdravstveno Varstvo, 61(2), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2022-0011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar