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Feature Articles

Beyond custodial care: Mediating choice and participation for adults with intellectual disabilities

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Pages 546-560 | Accepted 19 Jul 2017, Published online: 16 Aug 2017
 

ABSTRACT

Occupational scientists posit that choosing and participating in occupation contributes to overall health and well-being. Yet institutionalized adults with intellectual disabilities (ID), a disability community with a long history of enduring grave injustices, continue to face barriers to self-determined participation. This paper draws on data from an institutional ethnographic study aimed to make visible the inter-relational ways national, state, and local policies mediate the possibilities to choose and participate in occupations for adults with ID. To explore the impact of state-mandated policies, data were collected in an intermediate care facility. Participants included seven adults diagnosed with profound ID and eight staff members. Participant observation, ethnographic interviews, and organizational texts (e.g., national and state mandates, and policies and procedures) were the main sources of data. Conceptual mapping was employed as an analytic process to connect participants’ narratives back to the policies that coordinated their work in the facility. Analyses revealed that the policies guiding the provision of habilitative programming created a systematic regulation of participation in occupations of residents’ and staff’s choosing. More specifically, analyses demonstrated how policies placed greater value on routinization and efficiency over self-determined participation. These findings highlight the lack of opportunities for residents and staff to incorporate occupations of their choosing into the fabric of daily living in an institutional setting. Additionally, they call attention to the ways institutional routinization is a perpetuation of the historical notions of what adults with ID should do.

休闲科学家认为,选择和参与休闲有助于整体健康和福祉。然而,智障成人(ID)是一个长期遭遇严重不公正的残疾人群体,仍然面临自决参与的障碍。本文依据一个机构人口学研究的数据,旨在使国家、州和地方政策之间的相互关系方式可以导致选择和参与智障成人休闲的可能性。为了探索国家所定政策的影响,在一个中等医疗机构进行了资料收集。参与者包括七名被诊断患有严重智障的成年人和八名工作人员。对参与者的观察,人口学采访和机构文本(例如国家和州级规章、政策和办事程序)是资料的主要来源。将概念制图用作分析程序,将参与者的叙述与协调其在该机构工作的政策联系起来。分析显示,指导提供有条不紊的规划政策,对参与居民和职工的选择进行了系统的监管。更具体地说,分析表明政策如何更注重自主参与方面的惯例化和效率。这些调查结果突出表明,居民和工作人员缺乏机会将其选择的休闲融入机构环境中的日常生活。此外,他们提请大家注意,机构惯例化是长期来智障成人应该做什么的历史性概念。

Los científicos ocupacionales sostienen que seleccionar una ocupación y participar en ella contribuye a tener salud y bienestar general. Sin embargo, aquellos adultos que han sido institucionalizados por tener discapacidad intelectual (di) —una comunidad de discapacitados que durante mucho tiempo ha sufrido graves injusticias—, continúan afrontando obstáculos que restringen su participación autodeterminada. El presente artículo da cuenta de datos provenientes de un estudio etnográfico institucional orientado a visibilizar las formas interrelacionadas en que las políticas nacionales, estatales y locales median las posibilidades de que adultos con di seleccionen ocupaciones y participen en ellas. Para examinar el impacto de ciertas políticas exigidas por el Estado, se recabaron datos en un centro de atención intermedia. En el estudio participaron siete adultos diagnosticados con di severa y ocho miembros del personal. Las fuentes principales de datos incluyeron la observación participante, entrevistas etnográficas y textos organizacionales (referidos, por ejemplo, a directrices nacionales y estatales, políticas y procedimientos). Por otra parte, se utilizó la cartografía conceptual como proceso analítico que permite vincular las narrativas de los participantes con las directrices que guían el trabajo que realizan en el centro. Los análisis posteriores revelaron que las directrices que guían la implementación de programas de rehabilitación crearon una regulación sistemática de la participación en las ocupaciones seleccionadas por los residentes y el personal. Más concretamente, los análisis demostraron que dichas directrices promueven la rutinización y la eficiencia más que la participación autodeterminada. Estos hallazgos ponen en evidencia la falta de oportunidades que los residentes y el personal tienen para incorporar las ocupaciones que deseen al tejido de su vida diaria en un contexto institucional. Asimismo, dichos hallazgos llaman la atención sobre las maneras en que la rutinización institucional evidencia la perdurabilidad de nociones históricas relativas a lo que deben hacer los adultos con di.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by fellowship awards granted to the first author during her doctoral studies in occupational science by the North Carolina Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disorders (LEND) program and the University of North Carolina Graduate School. This research paper was presented at the Joint International Conference in Occupational Science 2016 in Portland, Maine. The first author expresses her sincere gratitude to Drs. Nancy Bagatell, Marjorie DeVault, James Trent, Ruth Humphry, Brian Boyd, and Wanda Mahoney for their guidance and mentorship during the completion of this study.

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