The effect of combined spinal epidural versus epidural analgesia on fetal heart rate in laboring patients at risk for uteroplacental insufficiency

Abstract

Background

The effects of neuraxial analgesia on fetal heart tracings have been studied in “healthy” pregnancies. Our objective was to compare the impact of intrapartum epidural analgesia (EA) versus combined spinal epidural analgesia (CSE) on fetal heart rate changes in pregnancies at risk for uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI).

Methods

Singleton pregnancies diagnosed with chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension and/or preeclampsia, and/or fetal growth restriction (FGR) and receiving neuraxial analgesia intrapartum from 2012 to 2015 were studied retrospectively. The primary outcome was change in fetal heart rate (FHR) category following neuraxial analgesia. Manual review of all FHR tracings was performed and classified by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) categories. Data collection included maternal demographics, blood pressure, uterine tachysystole, uterine hypertonus, mode of delivery, interventions for FHR abnormalities and neonatal outcomes.

Results

Of laboring patients at risk for UPI, 110 patients received EA and 127 patients received CSE. The rate and change in FHR categories and abnormalities following neuraxial analgesia were the same in both groups. Both EA and CSE resulted in a significant increase in NICHD FHR category II, from 27.3 to 65.5% for EA and 20.9 to 64.3% for CSE. The occurrence of maternal hypotension, uterine tachysystole, interventions for FHR abnormalities, and uterine hypertonus following neuraxial analgesia was not found to be significantly different between the two groups. When compared to the EA group, CSE had a higher rate of NICU admission (29.5 versus 16.4%, p = .021).

Conclusions

FHR category increased following both CSE and EA. The side effects of maternal hypotension and need for fetal interventions was not different between CSE and EA.

Keywords:

• Chronic hypertension
• combined spinal epidural
• epidural
• fetal growth restriction
• fetal heart rate abnormalities
• neuraxial analgesia
• preeclampsia
• pregnancy
• uteroplacental insufficiency

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank David Klein, MD, for his clinical expertise and assistance with this project.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.