Tracing the recent updates on vaccination approaches and significant adjuvants being developed against HIV

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV1); the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), has been a major target of the scientific community to develop an anti-viral therapy. Some successful discoveries have been made during the last two decades in the form of availability of antiviral therapy in endemic regions. Nevertheless, a total cure and safety vaccine has not yet been designed to eradicate HIV from the world.

Areas covered

The purpose of this comprehensive study is to compile recent data regarding therapeutic interventions against HIV and to determine future research needs in this field. A systematic research strategy has been used to gather data from recent, most advanced published electronic sources. Literature based results show that experiments at the invitro level and animal models are continuously in research annals and are providing hope for human trials.

Expert Opinion

There is still a gap and more work is needed in the direction of modern drug and vaccination designs. Moreover coordination is necessary among researchers, educationists, public health workers, and the general community to communicate and coordinate the repercussions associated with the deadly disease. It is important for taking timely measures regarding mitigation and adaptation with HIV in future.

KEYWORDS:

• HIV1
• vaccines
• clinical trials
• iImmune responses
• viral biology
• drug adjuvants

Article highlights

• HIV-1 is a threat to humanity because of its links with AIDS.

• Multiple vaccine formulations and drug adjuvants are in the trial phase.

• Some vaccines and drugs have been approved to be utilized but have limited antiviral efficacy.

• More work is needed for implementation of nanotechnology and plant-based adjuvants pertaining to modern therapeutic designs.

• Coordinated efforts and participatory approaches from concerned authorities could bring a better future for dealing with HIV-associated healthcare burden.

Declaration of interest

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or material discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or mending, or royalties.

Reviewer disclosures

Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Additional information

Funding

This paper was not funded.