Effects of lead and cadmium on photosynthesis in Amaranthus spinosus and assessment of phytoremediation potential

Abstract

This study assessed the effects of Pb (0, 200, 500, 1000 mg kg⁻¹) and Cd (0, 5, 15, 30, 50 mg kg⁻¹) on photosynthesis in Amaranthus spinosus (A. spinosus), as well as the potential for phytoremediation by pot-culture experiment. Exposure to Pb/Cd produced a concentration-dependent decrease in biomass and all photosynthesis parameters, except for non-photochemical quenching, which increased with the metal concentration. The metals accumulated more in roots compared to shoots. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Pb was <1 in shoots at all Pb levels, whereas the BCF was <1 in roots at all but the lowest concentration of Pb. Roots extracted Cd from soil at all treatments. The translocation factor of Cd was larger than that of Pb suggesting that Cd is more mobile than Pb in A. spinosus. Amaranthus spinosus displays a high tolerance for both Pb and Cd with regards to growth and photochemical efficiency, but it is more sensitive to Cd than Pb. Amaranthus spinosus accumulates Pb and Cd primarily in the roots and Cd is more bioconcentrated and translocated in comparison to Pb. This investigation shows that A. spinosus has good potential for phytoremediation of soils contaminated by low levels of Cd and Pb.

Keywords:

• Amaranthus spinosus
• bioconcentration factor (BCE)
• metal accumulator
• phytoremediation
• translocation factor (TF)

Additional information

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [No: 2016YFD0800904], the Innovation Group Project of Hubei Province, China [No: 2015CFA021], the Open Fund of Engineering Research Center of Eco-environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China [No: KF2016-10, KF2016-12], the Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Farmland Environmental Monitoring (China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China) [201605], and the Excellent Doctor Training Fund of Three Gorges University, China [2018BSPY001].