Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure, Standards, Types, and Its Impact on Grid: A Review

Abstract

The growth of EV penetration brings numerous benefits in economic and environmental aspects, but it also presents deployment opportunities and challenges of EV charging stations. The EV owners benefit from lower fuel and operating expenses compared to ICE vehicles because of higher efficiency of electric motors reaching it as high as 60–70%. The electric vehicles are intermittent load to the grid since the number of users charging the electric vehicle at different charging station at different time. Moreover, the increasing EV penetration leads to the increase in load requirement on charging stations and will place a heavier load on the grid, necessitating the exploration of alternative resources. So, it significantly effects on power quality of the distribution grid. This charging requirement needs to be effectively managed to ensure uninterrupted energy supply for charging EVs batteries. By employing a basic charging plan, the estimated system cost per vehicle per year in Denmark is $263. Implementation of smart charging, the system cost decreases to $36 per vehicle per year, resulting in substantial savings of $227 per vehicle per year. Controlled charging methods also effectively reduce system costs by 50% and decrease peak demand. An EV fleet has the potential for cost savings in the power system, amounting to $200–$300 per year per vehicle. The aim of the review is to address the impact on power quality of the distribution grid and study the nature of EV unbalanced loads in order to minimize impact on grid efficiently by managing the resources.

Keywords:

• EV charging station
• nature of EV intermittent load
• power quality
• impact on grid

DISCLOSURE STATEMENT

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

P. Bhosale

P. Bhosale received his Masters from the Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Shivaji University, Uran Islampur, India in 2023 and a Batchelor of Degree (BE) from the Sanjeevan Engineering and Technology Institute, Shivaji University, Panhala Kolhapur, India in 2020. Currently, he has been working as an Electrical Engineer at JAGO Motion Technologies (P) Ltd., Sangli, Maharashtra, India. Pavan has published articles in reputed Journals and Conferences.

Sujil A

Sujil A received his Masters and PhD Systems from the Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, India in 2013 and 2019 respectively. Currently, he has been working as an assistant Professor at Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajaramnagar, Islampur, Sangli, Maharashtra, India. In 2014, he received POSOCO POWR SYSTEM AWARD (PPSA-2014) jointly organized by power Grid Corporation LTD and IIT-Delhi for Best M-tech thesis all over India. He is a member of International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology, Singapore and has been associated with various scientific societies. As of 2024, Sujil has 8 years of experience in teaching in the Electrical domain. Dr Sujil has published more than 45 research papers in Journals and Conferences of International and National of repute and has supervised 6 M.Tech. thesis. His research interests include power systems, smart grid applications, multi-agent systems, Artificial Intelligence and machine learning applications to a power system.

Rajesh Kumar

Rajesh Kumar has more than 20 years of teaching, research and academic leadership experience. Currently, he has been working as Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur. Dr. Kumar has published over 500 research articles, has supervised 20 Ph.D. and more than 30 M.Tech. thesis. He has 12 patents to his name and received 53 awards. He is on 12 Journal Editorial Boards. He has been Associate Editor of IEEE Access, IEEE ITeN, Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, Elsevier, IET Renewable and Power Generation, IET Power Electronics, International Journal of Bio Inspired Computing, and Deputy Editor-in-Chief, CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology, IET. Dr. Kumar is Senior Member of IEEE (USA), Fellow of IET (UK), Fellow of IE (INDIA), Fellow of IETE, Life Member of CSI, Senior Member of IEANG and Life Member of ISTE. His research interests focus on intelligent systems, machine intelligence, power management and robotics.

R. C. Bansal

R. C. Bansal has over 25 years of teaching, research, academic leadership, and industrial experience. Currently he is Professor in EE Dept. at University of Sharjah, UAE and Extraordinary Professor at University of Pretoria, South Africa. In previous postings, he was Professor and Group head (Power) at University of Pretoria, and worked with University of Queensland, Australia; USP, Fiji; BITS Pilani, India. Prof. Bansal has published over 400 journal articles, conf. papers, books/book chapters. He has Google citations of over 20000 and h-index of 65. He has supervised 25 PhD and 5 Post Docs. Prof. Bansal has significant attracted significant funding from Industry and Government Organisations. He is an Editor of reputed journals including IEEE Systems Journal, EPCS, SGSE. He is a Fellow, and CP Engg IET-UK, Fellow IE (India), and Senior Member IEEE. He has diversified research interests in the areas of Renewable Energy, Power Systems and Smart Grid.