128
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure, Standards, Types, and Its Impact on Grid: A Review

, , & ORCID Icon
Received 24 Jul 2023, Accepted 29 Jan 2024, Published online: 10 Apr 2024

References

  • International Energy Agency-Global EV Outlook. Towards cross modalelectrification. [Online], 2021. Available: https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?file Name=Global_EV_Outlook_2021.pdf
  • Z. Jiang, H. Tian, M. J. Beshir, S. Vohra and A. Mazloomzadeh, “Analysis of electric vehicle charging impact on the electric power grid: based on smart grid regional demonstration project—Los Angeles,” presented at the 2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition-Latin America (PES T&D-LA), pp. 1–5, 2016. DOI: 10.1109/TDC-LA.2016.7805675.
  • G. A. Putrus, P. Suwanapingkarl, D. Johnston, E. C. Bentley and M. Narayana, “Impact of electric vehicles on power distribution networks,” presented at the 2009 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 827–831, 2009.
  • S. Deb, K. Kalita and P. Mahanta, “Review of the impact of electric vehicle charging station on the power grid,” presented at the 2017 International Conference on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy (TAP Energy), pp. 1–6, 2017. DOI: 10.1109/TAPENERGY.2017.8397215.
  • S. Habib, M. M. Khan, F. Abbas, L. Sang, M. U. Shahid and H. Tang, “A comprehensive study of implemented international standards, technical challenges, impacts and prospects for electric vehicles,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 13866–13890, 2018. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2812303.
  • M.-O. Metais, O. Jouini, Y. Perez, J. Berrada and E. Suomalainen, “Too much or not enough? Planning electric vehicle charging infrastructure: a review of modeling options,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 153, pp. 111719, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111719.
  • Z. Zhang and D. Gu, “Impacts of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on the electric grid and its charging strategies,” presented at the 2012 Power Engineering and Automation Conference in IEEE, pp. 1–4, 2012.
  • K. Peddakapu, M. R. Mohamed, P. Srinivasarao, Y. Arya, P. K. Leung and D. J. K. Kishore, “A state-of-the-art review on modern and future developments of AGC/LFC of conventional and renewable energy-based power systems,” Renew. Energy Focus, vol. 43, pp. 146–171, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.ref.2022.09.006.
  • B. Kim, “Smart charging architecture for between a plug-in electrical vehicle (PEV) and a smart home,” presented at the 2013 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE). IEEE, pp. 306–307, 2013. DOI: 10.1109/ICCVE.2013.6799811.
  • P. Bhosale, S. A and R. Kumar, “Electric Vehicle Charging Station Design for V2G and G2V Operation,” 2023 4th International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET), 2023. Belgaum, India, pp. 1–6, DOI: 10.1109/INCET57972.2023.10170188.
  • A. K. Karmaker, S. Roy and M. R. Ahmed, “Analysis of the impact of electric vehicle charging station on power quality issues,” presented at the 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), pp. 1–6, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ECACE.2019.8679164.
  • S. Nagar, V. Gupta, R. Kumar, R. C. Bansal and R. Naidoo, “PV-BES integrated residential society governed electric charging station,” 9th Int. Conf. on Renewable Power Generation (IET-RPG), 2021. paper id: 0037, Dublin, Ireland, March 1-2,
  • T. Unterluggauer, J. Rich, P. Bach Andersen and S. Hashemi, “Electric vehicle charging infrastructure planning for integrated transportation and power distribution networks: a review,” ETransportation, vol. 12, pp. 100163, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2022.100163.
  • L. Kelly, A. Rowe and P. Wild, “Analyzing the impacts of plug-in electric vehicles on distribution networks in British Columbia,” 2009 IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC). IEEE, pp. 1–6. 2009. DOI: 10.1109/EPEC.2009.5420904.
  • A. D. Hilshey, P. Rezaei, P. D. H. Hines and J. Frolik, “Electric vehicle charging: transformer impacts and smart, decentralized solutions,” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meetingpp. 1–8, 2012.
  • E. M. Szumska, “Electric vehicle charging infrastructure along highways in the EU,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 895, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/en16020895.
  • A. Colmenar-Santos, A.-R. Linares-Mena, D. Borge-Diez and C.-D. Quinto-Alemany, “Impact assessment of electric vehicles on islands grids: a case study for Tenerife (Spain),” Energy, vol. 120, pp. 385–396, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.097.
  • S. Chavhan, S. R. M. Zeebaree, A. Alkhayyat and S. Kumar, “Design of space efficient electric vehicle charging infrastructure integration impact on power grid network,” Mathematics, vol. 10, no. 19, pp. 3450, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/math10193450.
  • S. Deb, K. Tammi, K. Kalita and P. Mahanta, “Impact of electric vehicle charging station load on the distribution network,” Energies, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 178, 2018. DOI: 10.3390/en11010178.
  • K. Olcay and N. Çetinkaya, “Analysis of the electric vehicle charging stations effects on the electricity network with artificial neural network,” Energies, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1282, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/en16031282.
  • S. R. Gampa, K. Jasthi, P. Goli, D. Das and R. C. Bansal, “Optimum sizing and placement of DGs, shunt capacitors and EV charging stations using grasshopper optimization algorithm,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 27, no. 10117, pp. 101117, 2020. article no DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2019.101117.
  • Pareek, Surbhi, A. S. S. Ratra and R. Kumar, “Electric vehicle charging station challenges and opportunities: a future perspective,” In 2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Communication, Control, and Computing (ICONC3), pp. 1–6. IEEE, 2020.
  • J. Y. Yong, et al., “Experimental Validation of a Three-Phase Off Board Electric Vehicle Charger with New Power Grid Voltage Control.” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid (2016). B. Deng and Z. Wang, “Research on electric-vehicle charging station technologies based on smart grid,” In 2011 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference IEEE, pp. 1–4, 2011.
  • Z. Jiang, L. Shalalfeh and M. J. Beshir, “Impact of electric vehicle infrastructure on the city of Chatsworth distribution system,” Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2014 IEEE International, IEEE, 2014.
  • IEEE 519, Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems. New York: IEEE., 1992.
  • P. Kulshrestha, L. Wang, M.-Y. Chow and S. Lukic, “Intelligent energy management system simulator for PHEVs at municipal parking deck in a smart grid environment,” 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–6, 2017.
  • W. Young and C. F. Miles, “A spatial study of parking policy and usage in Melbourne, Australia, Case Study,” Transp. Policy, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 23–32, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.cstp.2014.07.003.
  • J. van Ommeren, D. Wentink and J. Dekkers, “The real price of parking policy,” J. Urban Econ, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 25–31, 2011. Jul DOI: 10.1016/j.jue.2011.02.001.
  • P. Hamer, “Analysing the effectiveness of park and ride as a generator of public transport mode shift,” In Proceedings of 32rd Australian Transport Research Forum, Auckland, New Zealand, 2009.
  • C. Xu and Y. W. Li, “Study on a new business model of electric vehicle charging and battery-swapping infrastructure,” Energy Technol. Econ., vol. 9, pp. 29–34, 2011.
  • H. Shareef, M. M. Islam and A. Mohamed, “A review of the stage-of-the-art charging technologies, placement methodologies, and impacts of electric vehicles,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 64, pp. 403–420, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.06.033.
  • “Installation guide for electric vehicle supply equipment,” Massachusetts Division Energy Resources, pp. 1–26, 2014.
  • W. A. Faucett, “Electric vehicle conductive charging system—part 1: general requirements,” Genet. Test Mol. Biomarkers, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 52–55, 2010.
  • Article 625, “Electrical Vehicle Charging System Equipment,” Nat. Electric Code®, Section, pp. 625–22, 1996.
  • “Electric Vehicle Charging Station Building Standards Training Manual,” California Building Officials Training Inst., January 15, 1998.
  • K. Morrow, D. Karner and J. Francfort, “Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging infrastructure review,” 2008.
  • B. Derouineau, Y. Odemer and J. Dolle, “Electric vehicle charging station,” U.S. Patent D837732, issued January 8, 2019.
  • C. Jankowiak, A. Zacharopoulos, C. Brandoni, P. Keatley, P. MacArtain and N. Hewitt, “The role of domestic integrated battery energy storage systems for electricity network performance enhancement,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 20, pp. 3954, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/en12203954.
  • W. Su, “Smart grid operations integrated with plug-in electric vehicles and renewable energy resources,” Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, North Carolina, 2013.
  • J. L. J. Larminie, Electric Vehicle Technology Explained. New York, NY: john Wiley;, 2003,
  • T. Motors, “Tesla roadster spec sheet 2009,” USA Today. Retrieved from www.usatoday.Com, 2009.
  • M. Aziz and T. Oda, “Simultaneous quick-charging system for electric vehicle,” Energy Procedia, vol. 142, pp. 1811–1816, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.568.
  • R. P. d Santos, “Development of a Systemic Architectural Model for Performance Validation of Electric Vehicles in the Pre-Project Phase,” 2021.
  • S. Schey, “Canadian EV Infrastructure Deployment Guidelines,” 2014.
  • W. Shen, T. T. Vo and A. Kapoor, “Charging algorithms of lithium-ion batteries: an overview,” Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2012 7th IEEE Conference, July, pp. 1567–1572, 2012.
  • Z. X. Ma, M. Zhang, S. Shaham, S. P. Dang and J. Hart, “Literature review of the communication technology and signal processing methodology based on the smart grid,” AMM, vol. 719-720Trans Tech Publ, pp. 436–442, 2015. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.719-720.436.
  • M. Yilmaz and P. Krein, “Review of charging power levels and infrastructure for plug-in electric and hybrid vehicles and commentary on unidirectional charging,” IEEE International Electrical Vehicle Conference, 2012.
  • N. Shinohara, “Wireless power transmission progress for electric vehicle in Japan,” in 2013 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium. IEEE, pp. 109–111., 2013.
  • S. Xiaoli, Z. Li, X. Wang and C. Li, “Technology development of electric vehicles: a review,” Energies, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 90, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/en13010090.
  • J. Calitz and R. C. Bansal, “The system value of optimized battery electric vehicle charging: a case study in South Africa,” Electr. Eng., vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 843–853, 2022. DOI: 10.1007/s00202-021-01345-y.
  • M. A. Hannan, F. A. Azidin and A. Mohamed, “Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: a review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Reviews, vol. 29, pp. 135–150, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.097.
  • K. Jorgensen, “Technologies for electric, hybrid and hydrogen vehicles: electricity from renewable energy sources in transport,” Utilities Policy, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 72–79, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.jup.2007.11.005.
  • S. Kelouwani, N. Henao, K. Agbossou, Y. Dube and L. Boulon, “Two-layer energy-management architecture for a fuel cell HEV using road trip information,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 3851–3864, 2012. DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2012.2214411.
  • R. Sioshansi and P. Denholm, “Emissions impact and benefits of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and vehicle to grid services,” Natural Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009.
  • L. Göransson, S. Karlsson and F. Johnsson, “Integration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in a regional wind-thermal power system,” Energy Policy, vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 5482–5492, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.001.
  • K. Parks, P. Denholm and T. Markel, “Costs and emissions associated with plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging in the Xcel Energy Colorado Service Territory,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Publication # NREL/TP-640-41410, 2007.
  • Y. G. Mehrdad Ehsani and A. Emadi, Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles fundamentals, theory, and design. 2nd ed. CRE Press, 2010.
  • P. Denholm and W. Short, “An evaluation of utility system impacts and benefits of optimally dispatched plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,” NREL/TP-620-40293, 2006.
  • P. Andersen, J. Mathews and M. Rask, “Integrating private transport into renewable energy policy: the strategy of creating intelligent recharging grids for electric vehicles,” Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 2481–2486, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.032.
  • V. Koval, Y. Sribna, O. Mykolenko and N. Vdovenko, “Environmental concept of energy security solutions of local communities based on energy logistics,” International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: SGEM, 19, no. 5.3 283-290, 2019. DOI: 10.5593/sgem2019/5.3/S21.036.
  • R. R. Heffner, K. S. Kurani and T. S. Turrentine, “Symbolism in California’s early market for hybrid electric vehicles,” Transport Res. Part D: transport. Environ., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 396–413, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2007.04.003.
  • M. Ehsani, Y. Gao and A. Emadi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles: Fundamentals, Theory, and Design. No. 10482. New York, USA: CRC Press, 2003.
  • L. B. Lave and H. L. Maclean, “An environmental-economic evaluation of hybrid electric vehicles: Toyota Prius vs. its conventional internal combustion engine corolla,” Transport. Res. Part D, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 155–162, 2002. DOI: 10.1016/S1361-9209(01)00014-1.
  • R. Wolbertus and R. van den Hoed, “Fast charging systems for passenger electric vehicles,” WEVJ, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 73, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/wevj11040073.
  • Y. P. Leong, M. S. Indati and H. A. Hisham, “Climate change challenges on CO2 emission reduction for developing countries: a case for Malaysia’s agenda for action,” Int. J. Clim. Change Impacts Responses, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 9–26, 2011. DOI: 10.18848/1835-7156/CGP/v02i04/37081.
  • S. Rajakaruna, F. Shahnia and A. Ghosh, Plug-in electric vehicles in smart grids. 1st ed. Singapore: Springer Science and Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd, 2015.
  • P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1994.
  • P. S. Kundur and O. P. Malik, Power System Stability and Control. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill Education,2022.
  • S. H. Berisha, G. G. Karady, R. Ahmad, R. Hobbs and D. Karner, “Current harmonics generated by electric vehicle battery chargers.” Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives, and Energy Systems for Industrial Growth,” 1996.
  • M. Basu, K. Gaughan and E. Coyle, “Harmonic distortion caused by EV battery chargers in the distribution systems network and its remedy,” In Proceedings of the 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 2004.
  • “IEEE recommended practice for industrial and commercial power systems analysis,” IEEE Std., vol. 399-1997, 1998.
  • I. Dobson and H. Chiang, “Towards a theory of voltage collapse in electric power systems,” Syst. Cont. Lett., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 253–262, 1989. DOI: 10.1016/0167-6911(89)90072-8.
  • N. T. Mbungu, A. A. Ismail, A. M. ElNady, R. C. Bansal, A. K. Hamid and M. A. AlShabi, “Impact of electric vehicles on smart grid voltage/power under various loading conditions: a survey,” Int. J. Modelling Simulation, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 1041–1057, 2023.
  • A. K. Sinha and D. Hazarika, “A Comparative Study of Voltage Stability Indices in a Power System,” Int. J. Elect. Power Energy Syst., vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 589–596, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/S0142-0615(00)00014-4.
  • C. H. Dharmakeerthi, N. Mithulananthan and T. K. Saha, “Overview of the impacts of plug-in electric vehicles on the power grid,” Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT) Asia Conference in Perth; 2011.
  • Z. Wang and R. Paranjape, “An evaluation of electric vehicle penetration under demand response in a multi-agent-based simulation,” IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), 2014. Calgary, AB;
  • J. Salihi, “Energy requirements for electric cars and their impact on electric power generation and distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-9, no. 5, pp. 516–532, 1973. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.1973.349925.
  • M. S. Duvall, “Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles technology challenges,” Plug-in hybrid discussion meeting, U.S. Department of Energy, Electric Power Research Institute, 2006.
  • T. Kristofferson, K. Capion and P. Meibom, “Optimal charging of electric drive vehicles in a market environment,” Appl. Energy, vol. 88, no.5, pp. 1940–1948, 2011.
  • A. Elgowainy, Y. Zhou, A. D. Vyas, M. Mahalik, D. Santini and M. Wang, “Impacts of charging choices for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in 2030 scenario,” Transportation Res. Rec., vol. 2287, no. 1, pp. 9–17, 2012. DOI: 10.3141/2287-02.
  • M. Duvall, “Comparing the benefits and impacts of hybrid electric vehicle options for compact sedan and sport utility vehicles,” Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, 2002.
  • P. Denholm and W. Short, An evaluation of utility system impacts and benefits of optimally dispatched plug-in hybrid electric vehicles,” National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, Tech. Rep. NREL/TP-62040293, 2006.
  • “IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 22 on Power Quality, IEEE Std 1159,” IEEE Recommended Practice Monitoring Electric Power Quality, 1995.
  • J. A. Orr, A. E. Emanuel and D. J. Pileggi, “Current harmonics, voltage distortion, and powers associated with electric vehicle battery chargers distributed on the residential power system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-20, no. 4, pp. 727–734, 1984. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.1984.4504481.
  • J. A. Orr, A. E. Emanuel and D. G. Pileggi, “Current harmonics, voltage distortion, and powers associated with battery chargers’ part I: comparisons among different types of chargers,” IEEE Trans. Power APP. Syst., vol. PAS-101, no. 8, pp. 2703–2710, 1982. DOI: 10.1109/TPAS.1982.317641.
  • C. Jiang, R. Torquato, D. Salles and W. Xu, “Method to assess the power-quality impact of plug-in electric vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 958–965, 2014. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2283598.
  • K. Clement-Nyns, E. Haesen and J. Driesen, “The impact of charging plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on a residential distribution grid,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 371–380, 2010. DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2009.2036481.
  • P. T. Staats, W. M. Grady, A. Arapostathis and R. S. Thallam, “A statistical method for predicting the net harmonic currents generated by a concentration of electric vehicle battery chargers,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1258–1266, 1997. DOI: 10.1109/61.637002.
  • E. C. Bentley, “The interactive effects of multiple EV chargers within a distribution network,” IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Lille, pp. 1–6, 2010.
  • S. K. Thakur, “Design and development of high voltage regulated power converters based on advanced techniques with suitable protection schemes and study on EMI characterization,” Diss. Homi Bhabha Nat. Inst., 2018.
  • P. T. Staats, The harmonic impact of electric vehicle battery charging. The University of Texas at Austin, 1997.
  • Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Limits for harmonic currents produced by equipment connected to public low-voltage systems with input current > 16 A and 75 A per phase, IEC 61000-3-12, 2005.
  • L. Van der Veken, “Safety and inspection perspective,” European Copper Institute: Workshop on Economic Cost of Poor Power Quality. Brussels, Belgium, 8 June, 2000.
  • F. Abdallah, “EMC analysis of electric drives,” Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering,” Lund University, 2012.
  • S. Rahman and G. B. Shrestha, “An investigation into the impact of electric vehicle load on the electric utility distribution system‖,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 591–597, 1993. DOI: 10.1109/61.216865.
  • E. C. Bentley, P. Suwanapingkarl, S. Weerasinghe, T. Jiang, G. A. Putrus and D. Johnston, “The interactive effects of multiple EV chargers within a distribution network,” 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 1–6. IEEE, 2010.
  • S. W. Hadley and A. Tsvetkova, “Potential impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on regional power generation,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory Technical Report (Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Battelle under Contract DEAC05-00OR22725), 2008.
  • E. F. Fuchs and M. A. S. Masoum, Power Quality in Electrical Machines and Power Systems. New York: Academic, 2008.
  • X. Bi and L. Zhu, “Studies on passive filter design and simulation,” Power Capacitor Reactive Power Compens., vol. 29, pp. 22–24, 2008.
  • L. Zhao, S. Prousch, M. Hubner and A. Moser, “Impact assessment of varying penetrations of electric vehicles on low voltage distribution systems,” IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2010.
  • M. K. Meyers, K. Schneider and R. Pratt, “lmpacts assessment of plug-in hybrid vehicles on electric utilities and regional U.S. power grids part I: technical analysis,” Pacific Northwest Nat. laboratory, Richland, Washington, Tech. Rep, 2007.
  • R. C. Green, II, L. Wang and M. Alam, “The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: a review and outlook,” in Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, pp. 1–8., 2010.
  • R. Garcia-Valle and J. G. Vlachogiannis, “Electric vehicle demand model for load flow studies,” Electric Power Components Syst., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 577–582, 2009. DOI: 10.1080/15325000802599411.
  • M. Kintner-Meyer, K. Schneider and R. Pratt, “Impacts assessment of PHEV on electric utilities and regional U.S. power grids, Part 1: technical Analysis,” PNNL SA-53700, November 2007.
  • L. Kelly, A. Rowe and P. Wild, “Analyzing the impacts of plug-in electric vehicles on distribution networks in British Columbia,” Electrical Power & Energy Conference, Oct., 2009.
  • P. Richardson, S. Member, D. Flynn and A. Keane, “Impact assessment of varying penetrations of electric vehicles on low voltage distribution systems,” pp. 1–6, 2010.
  • C. Cheng and D. Shirmohammadi, “A three-phase power flow method for real-time distribution system analysis,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 671–679, May 1995. DOI: 10.1109/59.387902.
  • Q. B. Dam, S. Mohagheghi and J. Stoupis, “Intelligent demand response scheme for customer side load management,” in Proc. IEEE Energy 2030 Conference ENERGY 2008, Nov. 17–18, pp. 1–7, 2008.
  • K. Yunus, H. Z. de la Parra and M. Reza, “Distribution grid impact of Plug-In Electric Vehicles charging at fast charging stations using stochastic charging model,” Power Electronics and Applications (EPE 2011),” Proceedings of the 2011-14th European Conference on pp.1–11, Aug. 30–Sept. 1 2011.
  • Y. Mu, J. Wu, N. Jenkins, H. Jia and C. Wang, “A spatial–temporal model for grid impact analysis of plug-in electric vehicles,” Appl. energy, vol. 114, pp. 456–465, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.10.006.
  • C. Roe, F. Evangelos, J. Meisel, S. Meliopoulos and T. Overbye, “Power system level impacts of PHEVs,” in Proc. 42nd Hawaii Int. Conf. System Sciences, 2009. Hawaii, USA.
  • O. N. Nezamuddin, C. L. Nicholas and E. C. d Santos, “The problem of electric vehicle charging: state-of-the-art and an innovative solution,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 4663–4673, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2020.3048728.
  • A. S. Masoum, S. Deilami, P. S. Moses, M. A. S. Masoum and A. Abu-Siada, “Smart load management of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution and residential networks with charging stations for peak shaving and loss minimization considering voltage regulation,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 877–888, 2011. DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2010.0574.
  • E. Akhavan-Rezai, M. F. Shaaban, E. F. El-Saadany and A. Zidan, “Uncoordinated charging impacts of electric vehicles on electric distribution grids: normal and fast charging comparison,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1–7, 2012.
  • M. Ashfaq, O. Butt, J. Selvaraj and N. Rahim, “Assessment of electric vehicle charging infrastructure and its impact on the electric grid: a review,” Int. J. Green Energy, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 657–686, 2021. DOI: 10.1080/15435075.2021.1875471.
  • J. T. Salihi, “Energy requirements for electric cars and their impact on electric generation and distribution systems,” IEEE Trans. Industry Applicat., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 516–532, Sept/Oct, 1973.
  • M. Kintner-Meyer, K. Schneider and R. Pratt, “Impact assessments of plug-in hybrid vehicles on electric utilities and regional U.S.,” Power Grids Part 1: Technical Analysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 2007.
  • W. Kempton and J. Tomic, “Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: from stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy,” J. Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 280–294, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.022.
  • K. M. Zhang and C. D. White, “Using vehicle-to-grid technology for frequency regulation and peak-load reduction,” J. Power Sources, vol. 196, no. 8, pp. 3972–3980, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.010.
  • B. K. Sovacool and R. F. Hirsh, “Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition,” Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 1095–1103, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.005.
  • C. Peng, J. Zou, L. Lian and L. Li, “An optimal dispatching strategy for V2G aggregator participating in supplementary frequency regulation considering EV driving demand and aggregator’s benefits,” APPL. energy, vol. 190, pp. 591–599, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.065.
  • M. A. Mahmud, H. R. Pota, A. M. T. Oo and R. C. Bansal, “Nonlinear controller design for vehicle-to-grid systems with output LCL filters,” 9th IFAC Symposium on Control of Power and Energy Systems, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, December 9-11, 2015.
  • C. Zhou, K. Qian, M. Allan and W. Zhou, “Modelling of the cost of EV battery wear due to V2G application in power systems,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1041–1050, 2011. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2159977.
  • W. Kempton and J. Tomic, “Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: calculating capacity and net revenue,” J Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 268–279, 2005.
  • G. J. Suppes, “Roles of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in the transition to the hydrogen economy,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 353–360, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2005.06.026.
  • N. T. Mbungu, A. A. Ismail, R. C. Bansal, A. K. Hamid and R. Naidoo, “Adaptive optimal control scheme of a vehicle to home,” The 21st IEEE Mediterranean Electrotechnical Conference (MELECON), 2022.
  • G. K. Venayagamoorthy and G. Braband, “Carbon reduction potential with intelligent control of power systems,” in Proc. 17th World Congr., Int. Federation Autom. Control, Seoul, Korea, pp. 13952–13957, 2008. DOI: 10.3182/20080706-5-KR-1001.02362.
  • R. T. Doucette and M. D. McCulloch, “Modelling the CO2 emissions from battery electric vehicles given the power generation mixes of different countries,” Energy Policy, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 803–811, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.054.
  • Q. Zhang, T. Tezuka, K. N. Ishihara and B. C. Mclellan, “Integration of PV power into future low-carbon electricity systems with EV and HP in Kansai Area,” Japan. Renew Energy, vol.44, pp. 99–108, 2012.
  • E. Delarue, H. Lamberts and W. D. D’haeseleer, “Simulating greenhouse gas (GHG) allowance cost and GHG emission reduction in Western Europe,” Energy, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1299–1309, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2006.09.020.
  • N. Juul and P. Meibom, “Optimal configuration of an integrated power and transport system,” Energy, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 3523–3530, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.058.
  • H. Ravn, M. Hindsberger, M. Petersen, R. Schmidt, R. Bog and P. E. Grohnheit, Balmorel: “a model for analyses of the electricity and CHP markets in the Baltic Sea region,” 2001. http://balmorel.com/Doc/B-MainReport0301.pdf.
  • Imhoff, R. Saswati Datta, S. Hadley, J. Condrey, S. Dickson and J. O’Neal, “Environmental impact of implementing energy efficiency in part of Southeastern United States Part I,” Impact on Air Quality, Baron Advanced Meteorological Systems, Candler, NC, September, 2006.
  • N. Brinkman, M. Q. Wang, T. Weber and T. Darlington, “Well-to-wheels analysis of advanced fuel/vehicle systems”—A North American Study of Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Criteria Pollutant Emissions,” General Motor Company, Argonne National Laboratory, US, 2005.
  • R. S. Sokhi, et al., “An integrated multi-model approach for air quality assessment: development and evaluation of the OSCAR air quality assessment system,” Environ Mod. Softw., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 268–281, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.03.006.
  • API Compendium. Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry. Washington, DC, USA: American Petroleum Institute, 2009.
  • M. Wang and D. He, “The effect of growth of vehicle population and its oil consumption on CO2 emission in China in the future 30 years,” Conference for Background of Vehicular Fuel Economy in China, Beijing, vol. 20, 2000.
  • B. K. Sovacool, J. Axsen and W. Kempton, “The future promise of vehicle-to grid (V2G) integration: a sociotechnical review and research agenda,” Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 377–406, 2017. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-030117-020220.
  • J. Y. Yong, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, K. M. Tan and N. Mithulananthan, “A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 49, pp. 365–385, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.130.
  • R. Barth, H. Brand, P. Meibom and C. Weber, “A stochastic unit commitment model for the evaluation of the impacts of the integration of large amounts of wind power,” In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, Stockholm, 2006.
  • R. Sioshansi and P. Denholm, “The value of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles as grid resources,” Energy J., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1–24, 2010. DOI: 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol31-No3-1.
  • Gonçalves, R. L. João Tomé Saraiva, J. C. Sousa and V. T. Mendes, “Impact of electric vehicles on the electricity prices and on the load curves of the Iberian electricity market,” In 2013 10th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), IEEE, pp. 1–8, 2013.
  • I. A. Cortezón, R. S. Borrull, A. Q. López and V. F. Roig, “The impact of fully electric vehicles demands in the spot market. Krakow,” 11th IEEE International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM);, pp. 1–5, 2014.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.