Integrated Load–Source Side Management for Techno-Economic-Environmental Performance Improvement of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Rural Electrification

Abstract

Electricity produced by a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is reliable, economical, and environmentally benign. However, effective management of the load-source side is essential to enhance the reliability, affordability, and eco-friendliness of HRES. Therefore, an integrated load–source side management for techno-economic-environmental (TEE) performance improvement of HRES is developed in this paper. The factors considered are namely technical (renewable energy portion, excess energy factor, and unmet load), environmental (particulate matter and carbon emission), and economical (annualized cost of system, total net present cost, and cost of energy). To solve the HRES size optimization problem, a marine predators algorithm (MPA) is used for the first time. HRES is investigated without Load side management (LSM), with LSM, and with LSM integrated with source-side management (SSM). LSM is carried out using the peak shifting technique, which shifts time-movable loads (TMLs) to off-peak hours depending on excess energy availability, taking into account consumer comfort violations and customer behavior uncertainty. For SSM, a comparatively better energy management strategy (EMS) than the load following, cycle charging, and generator order is proposed, which improves the TEE performance of HRES. The integrated load–source side management saves 5% in NPC and 0.008 $/kWh in COE, respectively. To come up with a configuration that is more feasible, a sensitivity analysis for the HRES's component costs and macroeconomic variables is carried out. Furthermore, the optimal configuration COE is slightly higher than that of the most recent study in the literature. By contrasting the MPA result with the HRES PSO result, the accuracy of the MPA result is also confirmed.

Keywords:

• source side management
• load side management
• hybrid renewable energy system
• carbon emission
• unmet load
• cost of energy

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Pawan Kumar Kushwaha

Pawan Kumar Kushwaha is an experienced professional with a strong background in teaching and research in the field of electrical engineering. He has a Ph.D. in Power System from NIT Silchar, Assam. He also holds an M.Tech degree in Power Electronics and Drives from MMMUT, Gorakhpur, and a B.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering from UPTU, Lucknow. Pawan has made significant contributions to his field and has published several papers in reputed journals and conferences. His research interests include topics such as optimal sizing of hybrid renewable energy systems, integrated techno-economic-environmental design of off-grid microgrids, voltage stability analysis, and power quality problems and control methodologies in smart grids.

Rakesh Kumar Jha

Rakesh Kumar Jha completed his B.E. (Electrical) from University of Pune, Maharashtra, India, He has done his M.Tech in power system from RTU, Kota, Rajasthan, India. Currently, he is pursuing PhD from Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, India. He is currently working as Assistant Professor at Sandip Institute of Engineering and Management, Nashik. His area of interest includes power system, renewable and sustainable energy technologies, application of soft computing techniques in microgrids.

Chayan Bhattacharjee

Chayan Bhattacharjee is an Assistant Professor with expertise in the field of electrical engineering. He has over 18 years of combined academic and industrial experience. He received his B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Burdwan University, West Bengal in 2002, followed by an M.Tech in Electrical Machines and Power Systems from the University of Calcutta in 2005. In 2017, he completed his Ph.D. from NIT, Silchar.

Harish Kumar Verma

Harish Kumar Verma is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, India. He has more than 34 years of experience of teaching and research. His present area of research includes Power system, optimization (soft computing), control system, and Drives. He has published more than twenty six papers in refereed international journals. He has also presented more than fifty research articles in national and international conferences. He is a member of ISTE and IE (India).