Numerical and experimental analysis of a flame-retardant polymer material after extrusion through the printing nozzle of fused filament fabrication system

Abstract

Research focuses on developing a novel flame-retardant filament utilizing acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) by the numerical approach using finite element analysis (FEM)-based software, COMSOL Multiphysics to overcome nozzle clogging and establish optimal three-dimensional (3D)-printing parameters. The developed FEM model enabled the numerical testing of differently shaped nozzles and proven the benefit of using a low-convergence angle (60°) nozzle because of the greater magnitude of pressure drop at nozzle tip compared with that of a high-convergence angle (120°) nozzle, a slightly better temperature distribution at the nozzle region, and smoother flow of the melted filament. Experimental tests results demonstrated the feasibility of using fused filament fabrication 3D printing to apply on ABS composite directly, and the printed samples retain their properties. An improvement in the burning test showed a V ₀ rating, thermal stability 13% at 800 °C, and the heat release rate of ∼390 W/g compared with neat ABS (∼501 W/g).

Keywords:

• Finite element analysis
• fused filament fabrication
• acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene
• extrusion
• ammonium polyphosphate
• flame retardant composite

Additional information

Funding

The Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science Education [2018R1A6A1A03024509 and 2021R1A2B5B03002355] supported this work.