214
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Numerical and experimental analysis of a flame-retardant polymer material after extrusion through the printing nozzle of fused filament fabrication system

, , , &
Pages 3138-3154 | Received 16 Oct 2020, Accepted 15 Apr 2021, Published online: 18 May 2021

References

  • Ajinjeru, C., V. Kishore, P. Liu, A. A. Hassen, J. M. Lindahl, V. Kunc, and C. E. Duty. 2017. Rheological evaluation of high temperature polymers to identify successful extrusion parameters. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL).
  • Anitha, R. , S. Arunachalam , and P. Radhakrishnan . 2001. Critical parameters influencing the quality of prototypes in fused deposition modelling. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 118 (1–3):385–8. doi:10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00980-3.
  • Anon. n.d. Prusa Knowledgebase. [Online]. Accessed August 18, 2020. https://help.prusa3d.com/en/article/clogged-hotend_2008.
  • Bellehumeur, C. , L. Li , Q. Sun , and P. Gu . 2004. Modeling of bond formation between polymer filaments in the fused deposition modeling process. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 6 (2):170–8. doi:10.1016/S1526-6125(04)70071-7.
  • Bellini, A. , S. Güçeri, and M. Bertoldi . 2004. Liquefier dynamics in fused deposition. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 126 (2):237–46. doi:10.1115/1.1688377.
  • Beran, T. , T. Mulholland , F. Henning , N. Rudolph , and T. A. Osswald . 2018. Nozzle clogging factors during fused filament fabrication of spherical particle filled polymers. Additive Manufacturing 23:206–14. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.08.009.
  • Borille, A. V. , J. d. O. Gomes , and D. Lopes . 2017. Geometrical analysis and tensile behaviour of parts manufactured with flame retardant polymers by additive manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping 23 (1):169–80.
  • Boryniec, S. , and W. Przygocki . 2001. Polymer combustion processes 3. Flame retardants for polymeric materials. Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 17 (1):127–48. doi:10.1177/147776060101700204.
  • Bowyer, A. 2014. 3D printing and humanity’s first imperfect replicator. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing 1 (1):4–5. doi:10.1089/3dp.2013.0003.
  • Braun, U. , B. Schartel , M. Fichera , and C. Jäger . 2007. Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fibre reinforced polyamide. Polymer Degradation and Stability 92 (8):1528–45. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.05.007.
  • Brooks, H. , C. Wright , C. Wright , and C. Wright . 2018. Fire resistance of additively manufactured waterfilled polymer parts. Additive Manufacturing 22:138–45. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.04.015.
  • Cantrell, J. T. , S. Rohde , D. Damiani , R. Gurnani , L. DiSandro , J. Anton , A. Young , A. Jerez , D. Steinbach , C. Kroese , et al. 2017. Experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of 3D-printed ABS and polycarbonate parts. Rapid Prototyping Journal 23 (4):811–24. doi:10.1108/RPJ-03-2016-0042.
  • Cayla, A. , F. Rault , S. Giraud , F. Salaün , R. Sonnier , and L. Dumazert . 2019. Influence of ammonium polyphosphate/lignin ratio on thermal and fire behavior of biobased thermoplastic: The case of polyamide 11. Materials 12 (7):1146. doi:10.3390/ma12071146.
  • Chacón, J. , M. Caminero , E. García-Plaza , and P. Núñez . 2017. Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection. Materials & Design 124:143–57. doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2017.03.065.
  • Chang, K. , and C. Chen . 2010. Prototyping and experimental validation for design of recreational waterslides. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 38 (4):516–29. doi:10.1080/15397734.2010.512555.
  • Comminal, R. , J. Hattel , and J. Spangenberg . 2017. Numerical simulations of planar extrusion and fused. Nordic Rheology Society Annual Transactions 25:263–70.
  • Costa, A. , A. Ferreira da Silva , and C. O. Sousa . 2019. A study on extruded filament bonding in fused filament fabrication. Rapid Prototyping Journal 25 (3):555–65. doi:10.1108/RPJ-03-2018-0062.
  • Doğan, M. , and E. Bayramlı . 2014. The flame retardant effect of aluminum phosphinate in combination with zinc borate, borophosphate, and nanoclay in polyamide. Fire and Materials 38 (1):92–9. doi:10.1002/fam.2165.
  • Dul, S. , L. Fambri , C. Merlini , G. M. O. Barra , M. Bersani , L. Vanzetti , and A. Pegoretti . 2019. Effect of graphene nanoplatelets structure on the properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composites. Polymer Composites 40 (Suppl 1):E285–E300. doi:10.1002/pc.24645.
  • Franchetti, M. , and C. Kress . 2017. An economic analysis comparing the cost feasibility of replacing injeciton molding process with emerging additive manufacturing techniques. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 88 (9–12):2573–9. doi:10.1007/s00170-016-8968-7.
  • Gallo, E. , B. Schartel , U. Braun , P. Russo , and D. Acierno . 2011. Fire retardant synergisms between nanometric Fe2O3 and aluminum phosphinate in poly(butylene terephthalate. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 22 (12):2382–91. doi:10.1002/pat.1774.
  • Geoffroy, L., F. Samyn, M. Jimenez, and S. Bourbigot. 2019. Additive manufacturing of fire-retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 30 (7):1878–90.
  • Go, J. , S. N. Schiffres , A. G. Stevens , and H. A. John . 2017. Rate limits of additive manufacturing by fused filament fabrication and guidelines for high-throughput system design. Additive Manufacturing 16:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2017.03.007.
  • Gonzalez-Juez, E. , and E. Meiburg . 2009. Shallow-water analysis of gravity-current flow past isolated obstacles. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 635:415–38. doi:10.1017/S0022112009007678.
  • Gordon, L. 1979. Plastics flammability. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 7 (3–4):127–45.
  • Guo, Y., C. C. Chang, G. Halada, M. A. Cuiffo, Y. Xue, X. Zuo, S. Pack, L. Zhang, S. He, E. Weil, et al. 2017. Engineering flame retardant biodegradable polymer nanocomposites and their application in 3D printing. Polymer Degradation and Stability 137:205–15.
  • Han, C. 2007. Rheology and processing of polymeric materials . Vol. I: Polymer rheology. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Heller, B. P. , D. E. Smith , and D. A. Jack . 2016. Effects of extrudate swell and nozzle geometry on fiber orientation in fused filament fabrication nozzle flow. Additive Manufacturing 12:252–64. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2016.06.005.
  • Hughes, S. W. 2005. Archimedes revisited: A faster, better, cheaper method of accurately measuring the volume of small objects. Physics Education 40 (5):468–74. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/40/5/008.
  • Ishak, I. , D. Fleming , and P. Larochelle . 2019. Multiplane fused deposition modeling: A study of tensile strength. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 47 (5):583–98. doi:10.1080/15397734.2019.1596127.
  • Ishak, I. , and P. Larochelle . 2019. MotoMaker: A robot FDM platform for multi-plane and 3D lattice structure printing. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 47 (6):703–20. doi:10.1080/15397734.2019.1615943.
  • Kamenar, E. , and S. Zelenika . 2017. Nanometric positioning accuracy in the presence of presliding and sliding friction: Modelling, identification and compensation. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 45 (1):111–26. doi:10.1080/15397734.2016.1149487.
  • Kaveh, M. , M. Badrossamay , E. Foroozmehr , and A. Etefagh . 2015. Optimization of the printing parameters affecting dimensional accuracy and internal cavity for HIPS material used in fused deposition modeling processes. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 226:280–6. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2015.07.012.
  • Kim, C. , D. Espalin , A. Cuaron , M. A. Perez , E. MacDonald , and R. B. Wicker . 2015. A study to detect a material deposition status in fused deposition modeling technology. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM) (pp. 779-783). IEEE.
  • Luo, C. , X. Wang , K. B. Migler , and J. E. Seppala . 2020. Upper bound of feed rates in thermoplastic material extrusion additive manufacturing. Additive Manufacturing 32:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2019.101019.
  • Mackay, M. E. , Z. R. Swain , C. R. Banbury , D. D. Phan , and D. A. Edwards . 2017. The performance of the hot end in a plasticating 3D printer. Journal of Rheology 61 (2):229–36. doi:10.1122/1.4973852.
  • Macosko, C. 1994. Rheology: Principles, measurements and applications . New York: VCH Publishers.
  • Mardani, A. , S. Ebrahimi , and K. Alipour . 2020. 6AP wheel: A new transformable robotic wheel for traction force improvement and halting avoidance of a UGV on soft terrains. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines . doi:10.1080/15397734.2020.1807360.
  • Mostafa, N. , S. Hasan Masood , I. Sbarski , and A. Groth . 2009. A study of melt flow analysis of an ABS–iron composite in fused deposition modelling process. Tsinghua Science and Technology 14 (Suppl 1):29–37. doi:10.1016/S1007-0214(09)70063-X.
  • O’Connor, H. J. , and D. P. Dowling . 2019. Low-pressure additive manufacturing of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Polymer Composites 40 (11):4329–39. doi:10.1002/pc.25294.
  • Osswald, T. A. , J. Puentes , and J. Kattinger . 2018. Fused filament fabrication melting model. Additive Manufacturing 22:51–9. doi:10.1016/j.addma.2018.04.030.
  • Pawlowski, K. , and B. Schartel . 2007. Flame retardancy mechanisms of triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends. Polymer International 56 (11):1404–14. doi:10.1002/pi.2290.
  • Perret, B. , K. Pawlowski , and B. Schartel . 2009. Fire retardancy mechanisms of arylphosphates in polycarbonate (PC) and PC/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene: The key role of decomposition temperature. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 97 (3):949–58. doi:10.1007/s10973-009-0379-7.
  • Prabhakar, M. N. , A. U. Rehman Shah , and J.-I. Song . 2017. Improved flame-retardant and tensile properties of thermoplastic starch/flax fabric green composites. Carbohydrate Polymers 168:201–11. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.036.
  • Rahman, M. , N. Schott , and L. Sadhu . 2016. Glass transition of ABS in 3D printing. In COMSOL Conference, Boston, MA.
  • Rezaiee-Pajand, M. , H. Vejdani , and A. R. Naghavi . 2013. Four new methods for finding structural critical points#. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines 41 (4):399–420.
  • Rosato, D. V. , D. P. Di Mattia , and D. V. Rosato . 1991. Fundamentals of designing with plastics and composites. In Designing with plastics & composites: A handbook . Boston, MA: Springer.
  • Sha, L. , and K. Chen . 2014. Preparation and characterization of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Diatomite composite fillers and assessment of their flame-retardant effects on paper. BioResources 9 (2):3104–16. doi:10.15376/biores.9.2.3104-3116.
  • Shahidzadeh Tabatabaei, S. J. , and A. M. Fattahi . 2020. A finite element method for modal analysis of FGM plates. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines . doi:10.1080/15397734.2020.1744004.
  • Stewart, S. R. , J. E. Wentz , and J. T. Allison . 2015. Experimental and computational fluid dynamic analysis of melt flow behavior in fused deposition modelling of poly(lactic) acid. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, vol. 57359, p. V02AT02A010. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
  • Sukindar, N. 2017. Analysis on temperature setting for extruding polylactic acid using open-source 3D printer. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12 (4):1348–53.
  • Tlegenov, Y. , G. Hong , and W. Lu . 2018. Nozzle condition monitoring in 3D printing. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 54:45–55. doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2018.05.010.
  • Tlegenov, Y. , Y. Wong , and G. Hong . 2017. A dynamic model for nozzle clog monitoring in fused deposition modelling. Rapid Prototyping Journal 23 (2):391–400. doi:10.1108/RPJ-04-2016-0054.
  • Togun, H. , A. Shkarah , S. Kazi , and A. Badarudin . 2013. CFD simulation of heat transfer and turbulent fluid flow over a double forward-facing step. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013:1–10. doi:10.1155/2013/895374.
  • Underwriters' Laboratories . 2013. Tests for flammability of plastic materials for parts in devices and appliances . Northbrook: Underwriters' Laboratories.
  • Van Wabeeke, L. 2002. Flame retardant plastics: A general review. International Polymer Science and Technology 29 (2):1–5. doi:10.1177/0307174X0202900201.
  • Wang, Z. , and D. Smith . 2017. The effect of polymer melt rheology on predicted die swell and fiber orientation in fused filament fabrication nozzle flow. In Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium Proceedings.
  • Wawrzyn, E. , B. Schartel , M. Ciesielski , B. Kretzschmar , U. Braun , and M. Döring . 2012. Are novel aryl phosphates competitors for bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) in halogen-free flame-retarded polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene blends. European Polymer Journal 48 (9):1561–74. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.06.015.
  • Williams, M. , R. Landel , and J. Ferry . 1955. The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society 77 (14):3701–7. doi:10.1021/ja01619a008.
  • Xia, H. , J. Lu , and G. Tryggvason . 2018. Fully resolved numerical simulations of fused deposition modeling. II. Rapid Prototyping Journal 24 (6):973–87. doi:10.1108/RPJ-11-2017-0233.
  • Xue, Y., X. Zuo, L. Wang, Y. Zhou, Y. Pan, J. Li, Y. Yin, D. Li, R. Yang, M. H. Rafailovich, et al. 2020. Enhanced flame retardancy of poly (lactic acid) with ultra-low loading of ammonium polyphosphate. Composites Part B: Engineering 196:108124.
  • Zirnstein, B. , D. Schulze , and B. Schartel . 2019. Mechanical and fire properties of multicomponent flame retardant EPDM rubbers using aluminum trihydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and polyaniline. Materials 12 (12):1932. doi:10.3390/ma12121932.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.