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ABSTRACT
Energy is the linchpin for economic development despite its generation deficit worldwide. Hydrogen can be used as an alternative energy source to meet the requirement that it emits zero to near-zero impurities and is safe for the environment and humans. Because of growing greenhouse gas emissions and the fast-expanding usage of renewable energy sources in power production in recent years, interest in hydrogen is resurging. Hydrogen may be utilized as a renewable energy storage, stabilizing the entire power system and assisting in the decarbonization of the power system, particularly in the industrial and transportation sectors. The main goal of this study is to describe several methods of producing hydrogen based on the principal energy sources utilized. Moreover, the financial and ecological outcomes of three key hydrogen colors (gray, blue, and green) are discussed. Hydrogen’s future prosperity is heavily reliant on technology advancement and cost reductions, along with future objectives and related legislation. This research might be improved by developing new hydrogen production methods, novel hydrogen storage systems, infrastructure, and carbon-free hydrogen generation.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Energy Conversion Laboratory at the Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering in Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh for completing this review work.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Nomenclature
| ISO | = | International organization for standardization. |
| RES | = | Renewable energy source |
| HCF | = | Hydrogen content factor |
| GF | = | Greenization factor |
| EIF | = | Environmental impact factor |
| GHG | = | Greenhouse gases |
| LCA | = | Life cycle assessment |
| HPP | = | Hydrogen production pathways |
| CCS | = | Carbon capture and storage |
| SOFC | = | Solid oxide fuel cell |
| CCS | = | Carbon capture and sequestration (environmental impact) |
| GWP | = | Global warming potential |
| AP | = | Acidification potential |
| LCIA | = | Life cycle impact assessing |
| LHV | = | Lower heating value |
| HHV | = | Higher heating value |
| H2 | = | Hydrogen |
| CO2 | = | Carbon dioxide |
| CESAR | = | Canada energy systems analysis research |
| CCUS | = | Carbon capture use and storage |
| SMR | = | Steam methane reforming |
| HER | = | Hydrogen evolution reaction |
| OER | = | Cathode and oxygen evolution reaction |
| TML | = | Technology maturity level |
| RES | = | Renewable energy sources |
Highlights
Grey, blue and green hydrogen are reviewed as an alternative source of future energy
Color hydrogen production pathways using primary sources are discussed
Challenges to zero emission are reviewed
Cost analysis and future prospects are discussed