Grey, blue, and green hydrogen: A comprehensive review of production methods and prospects for zero-emission energy

References

• AbdHin, Z., K. Khalilpour, and K. Catchpole. 2022. Projecting the levelized cost of large scale hydrogen storage for stationary applications. Energy Conversion and Management 270:116241. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agaton, C. B. 2021. Application of real options in carbon capture and storage literature: Valuation techniques and research hotspots. Science of the Total Environment 795:148683. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agaton, C. B., K. Ian Talosig Batac, and E. M. Reyes Jr. 2022. Prospects and challenges for green hydrogen production and utilization in the Philippines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47 (41):17859–70. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia, R. K., H.-S. Roh, J.-K. Peng, D. Papadias, A. R. Baird, E. S. Hecht, B. D. Ehrhart, A. Muna, J. A. Ronevich, and C. Houchins. 2023. Liquid hydrogen storage system for heavy duty trucks: Configuration, performance, cost, and safety. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 48 (35):13308–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.12.152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajanovic, A., M. Sayer, and R. Haas. 2022. The economics and the environmental benignity of different colors of hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47 (57):24136–54. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, M., H. Hussain Shah, A. Gul Fareed, W. Ullah Khan, E. Chung, A. Zia, Z. Ur Rahman Farooqi, and C. Lee. 2022. Hydrogen production through renewable and non-renewable energy processes and their impact on climate change. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 47 (77):33112–34. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, C., K. Treyer, C. Antonini, J. Bergerson, M. Gazzani, E. Gencer, J. Gibbins, M. Mazzotti, S. T. McCoy, and R. McKenna. 2022. On the climate impacts of blue hydrogen production. Sustainable Energy and Fuels 6 (1):66–75. doi:10.1039/D1SE01508G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertuccioli, L., A. Chan, D. Hart, F. Lehner, B. Madden, and E. Standen. 2014. Development of water electrolysis in the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Boretti, A. 2021. There are hydrogen production pathways with better than green hydrogen economic and environmental costs. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (46):23988–95. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, S., M. Temminghoff, E. S. Jenny Hayward, C. Munnings, D. Palfreyman, and P. Hartley. 2018. National hydrogen roadmap. Australia: CSIRO 92.
   Google Scholar
• Cloete, S., O. Ruhnau, and L. Hirth. 2021. On capital utilization in the hydrogen economy: The quest to minimize idle capacity in renewables-rich energy systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (1):169–88. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, S. 2021. BP statistical review of world energy, 1–69. London, United Kingdom: BP Plc.
   Google Scholar
• Dincer, I. 2012. Green methods for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37 (2):1954–71. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.03.173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dincer, I., and C. Acar. 2015a. Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 (34):11094–111. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dincer, I., and C. Acar. 2015b. A review on clean energy solutions for better sustainability. International Journal of Energy Research 39 (5):585–606. doi:10.1002/er.3329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EARTHSCIENCES. 2022. “Gold hydrogen – oxford earth sciences in the times.” Accessed 13/02/2022. https://www.earth.ox.ac.uk/2021/09/gold-hydrogen-oxford-earth-sciences-in-the-times/.
   Google Scholar
• El-Seesy, A. I., M. E. Elshobary, and Z. He. 2022. Chapter 9 - Biofuel versus fossil fuel. In Handbook of algal biofuels, ed. M. El-Sheekh and A.-E.-F. Abomohra, 181–93. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823764-9.00027-3
   Google Scholar
• Energy, Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and, Public Relations Division, and 11019 Berlin. 2020. The national hydrogen strategy. In.
   Google Scholar
• Furat, D., M. Anda, and G. M. Shafiullah. 2020. Hydrogen production for energy: An overview. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45 (7):3847–69. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gils, H. C., and S. Simon. 2017. Carbon neutral archipelago–100% renewable energy supply for the Canary Islands. Applied Energy 188:342–55. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, S., B. K. Sovacool, J. Kim, M. Bazilian, and J. M. Uratani. 2021. Industrial decarbonization via hydrogen: A critical and systematic review of developments, socio-technical systems and policy options. Energy Research & Social Science 80:102208. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2021.102208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigoriev, S. A., V. N. Fateev, D. G. Bessarabov, and P. Millet. 2020. Current status, research trends, and challenges in water electrolysis science and technology. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45 (49):26036–58. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.03.109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinée, J. B., R. Heijungs, G. Huppes, A. de Koning, L. Oers, A. Wegener Sleeswijk, U. de Haes, R. van Duin, and E. Lindeijer. 2001. Handbook on life cycle assessment — operational guide to the ISO standards. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 6 (5):255–255. doi:10.1007/BF02978784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan, M. Y., M. Uddin Monir, M. Tofayal Ahmed, A. Abd Aziz, S. Muntasir Shovon, F. Ahamed Akash, M. Forrukh Hossain Khan, M. J. Faruque, M. S. Islam Rifat, M. J. Hossain, et al. 2022. Sustainable energy sources in Bangladesh: A review on present and future prospect. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 155:111870. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuser, P.-M., D. Severin Ryberg, T. Grube, M. Robinius, and D. Stolten. 2019. Techno-economic analysis of a potential energy trading link between Patagonia and Japan based on CO2 free hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44 (25):12733–47. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm, T., T. Borsboom-Hanson, O. E. Herrera, and W. Mérida. 2021. Hydrogen costs from water electrolysis at high temperature and pressure. Energy Conversion and Management 237:114106. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, N., S. Kartom Kamarudin, and L. J. Minggu. 2014. Biofuel from biomass via photo-electrochemical reactions: An overview. Journal of Power Sources 259:33–42. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA. 2019. “The future of hydrogen.”
   Google Scholar
• IEA. 2020. “World energy outlook.”
   Google Scholar
• IEA. 2022. “Global hydrogen demand by sector in the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030.” Accessed 13/02/2022. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-hydrogen-demand-by-sector-in-the-net-zero-scenario-2020-2030.
   Google Scholar
• IRENA. 2021. Green hydrogen supply. A guide to policy making. In International Renewable Energy Agency Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, A. A., and D. W. Bahnemann. 2014. Photochemical splitting of water for hydrogen production by photocatalysis: A review. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 128:85–101. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2014.04.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamyab, H., S. Chellappan, O. Tavakkoli, M. Mesbah, J. Khan Bhutto, T. Khademi, I. Kirpichnikova, A. Ahmad, and A. Ayesh Alijohani. 2022. A review on carbon-based molecularly-imprinted polymers (CBMIP) for detection of hazardous pollutants in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 308:136471. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannah, R. Y., S. Kavitha, O. Parthiba Karthikeyan, N.-V. D.-V. Gopalakrishnan Kumar, and J. Rajesh Banu. 2021. Techno-economic assessment of various hydrogen production methods–A review. Bioresource Technology 319:124175. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kartal, M. T. 2022. The role of consumption of energy, fossil sources, nuclear energy, and renewable energy on environmental degradation in top-five carbon producing countries. Renewable Energy 184:871–80. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayfeci, M., A. Keçebaş, and B. Mutlucan. 2019. Chapter 3 - Hydrogen production. In Solar hydrogen production, ed. F. Calise, M. D. D’Accadia, M. Santarelli, A. Lanzini, and D. Ferrero, 45–83. Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-814853-2.00003-5
   Google Scholar
• Koto, P. S., and E. K. Yiridoe. 2019. Expected willingness to pay for wind energy in Atlantic Canada. Energy Policy 129:80–88. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2019.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovač, A., M. Paranos, and D. Marciuš. 2021. Hydrogen in energy transition: A review. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (16):10016–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuckshinrichs, W., T. Ketelaer, and J. Christian Koj. 2017. Economic analysis of improved alkaline water electrolysis. Frontiers in Energy Research 5:1. doi:10.3389/fenrg.2017.00001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, B., H.-S. Cho, H. Kim, D. Lim, W. Cho, C.-H. Kim, and H. Lim. 2021. Integrative techno-economic and environmental assessment for green H2 production by alkaline water electrolysis based on experimental data. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 9 (6):106349. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2021.106349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lototskyy, M., and V. Linkov. 2022. Thermally driven hydrogen compression using metal hydrides. International Journal of Energy Research 46 (15):22049–69. doi:10.1002/er.8189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, P. D., J. Lindgren, J. Mikkola, and J. Salpakari. 2015. Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45:785–807. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Dowell, N., N. Sunny, N. Brandon, H. Herzog, A. Y. Ku, W. Maas, A. Ramirez, D. M. Reiner, G. N. Sant, and N. Shah. 2021. The hydrogen economy: A pragmatic path forward. Joule 5 (10):2524–29. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.09.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengdi, J., and J. Wang. 2021. Review and comparison of various hydrogen production methods based on costs and life cycle impact assessment indicators. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (78):38612–35. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Midilli, A., H. Kucuk, M. Emin Topal, U. Akbulut, and I. Dincer. 2021. A comprehensive review on hydrogen production from coal gasification: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (50):25385–412. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohideen, M. M., S. Ramakrishna, S. Prabu, and Y. Liu. 2021. Advancing green energy solution with the impetus of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Energy Chemistry 59:688–705. doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2020.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navas-Anguita, Z., D. García-Gusano, J. Dufour, and D. Iribarren. 2021. Revisiting the role of steam methane reforming with CO2 capture and storage for long-term hydrogen production. Science of the Total Environment 771:145432. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newborough, M., and G. Cooley. 2020. Developments in the global hydrogen market: The spectrum of hydrogen colours. Fuel Cells Bulletin 2020 (11):16–22. doi:10.1016/S1464-2859(20)30546-0.
   Google Scholar
• Nicita, A., G. Maggio, A. P. F. Andaloro, and G. J. I. J. Squadrito. 2020. Green hydrogen as feedstock: Financial analysis of a photovoltaic-powered electrolysis plant. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45 (20):11395–408. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.02.062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noussan, M., P. Paolo Raimondi, R. Scita, and M. Hafner. 2020. The role of green and blue hydrogen in the energy transition—A technological and geopolitical perspective. Sustainability 13 (1):298. doi:10.3390/su13010298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olateju, B., and A. Kumar. 2011. Hydrogen production from wind energy in Western Canada for upgrading bitumen from oil sands. Energy 36 (11):6326–39. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olateju, B., and A. Kumar. 2013. Techno-economic assessment of hydrogen production from underground coal gasification (UCG) in Western Canada with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) for upgrading bitumen from oil sands. Applied Energy 111:428–40. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, A. I., L. Chen, M. Yang, G. Msigwa, M. Farghali, S. Fawzy, D. W. Rooney, and P.-S. Yap. 2023. Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters 21 (2):741–64. doi:10.1007/s10311-022-01532-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, A. I., T. J. Deka, D. C. Baruah, and D. W. Rooney. 2020. Critical challenges in biohydrogen production processes from the organic feedstocks. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 13 (10):1–19. doi:10.1007/s13399-020-00965-x.
   Google Scholar
• Osman, A. I., A. M. Elgarahy, A. S. Eltaweil, E. M. Abd El-Monaem, H. G. El-Aqapa, Y. Park, Y. Hwang, A. Ayati, M. Farghali, I. Ihara et al. 2023. Biofuel production, hydrogen production and water remediation by photocatalysis, biocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 21(3):1315–79. doi:10.1007/s10311-023-01581-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman, A. I., N. Mehta, A. M. Elgarahy, M. Hefny, A. Al-Hinai, A. H. Al-Muhtaseb, and D. W. Rooney. 2022. Hydrogen production, storage, utilisation and environmental impacts: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters 20 (1):1–36. doi:10.1007/s10311-021-01322-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozawa, A., Y. Kudoh, A. Murata, T. Honda, I. Saita, and H. Takagi. 2018. Hydrogen in low-carbon energy systems in Japan by 2050: The uncertainties of technology development and implementation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43 (39):18083–94. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.08.098.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perčić, M., N. Vladimir, I. Jovanović, and M. Koričan. 2022. Application of fuel cells with zero-carbon fuels in short-sea shipping. Applied Energy 309:118463. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, F., M. Yusuf, M. Arham Khan, H. Ibrahim, B. Chukwuemeka Ekeoma, H. Kamyab, M. M. Rahman, A. Kumar Nadda, and S. Chelliapan. 2023. A State-of-The-Art Review on the Latest trends in Hydrogen production, storage, and transportation techniques. Fuel 340:127574. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi, F., M. Yusuf, H. Kamyab, D.-V. N. Vo, S. Chelliapan, S.-W. Joo, and Y. Vasseghian. 2022. Latest eco-friendly avenues on hydrogen production towards a circular bioeconomy: Currents challenges, innovative insights, and future perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 168:112916. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112916.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasul, M. G., M. A. Hazrat, M. A. Sattar, M. I. Jahirul, and M. J. Shearer. 2022. The future of hydrogen: Challenges on production, storage and applications. Energy Conversion and Management 272:116326. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratnakar, R. R., N. Gupta, K. Zhang, C. van Doorne, J. Fesmire, B. Dindoruk, and V. Balakotaiah. 2021. Hydrogen supply chain and challenges in large-scale LH2 storage and transportation. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (47):24149–68. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renssen van, S. 2020. The hydrogen solution? Nature Climate Change 10 (9):799–801. doi:10.1038/s41558-020-0891-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkuyeh, Y. K., B. A. Saville, and H. L. MacLean. 2018. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of hydrogen production from different biomass gasification processes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43 (20):9514–28. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.04.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, O., A. Gambhir, I. Staffell, A. Hawkes, J. Nelson, and S. Few. 2017. Future cost and performance of water electrolysis: An expert elicitation study. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 42 (52):30470–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiva Kumar, S., and V. Himabindu. 2019. Hydrogen production by PEM water electrolysis – a review. Materials Science for Energy Technologies 2 (3):442–54. doi:10.1016/j.mset.2019.03.002.
   Google Scholar
• Shiva Kumar, S., S. U. B. Ramakrishna, D. Srinivasulu Reddy, D. Bhagawan, and V. Himabindu. 2017. Synthesis of polysulfone and zirconium oxide coated asbestos composite separators for alkaline water electrolysis. Chemical Engineering & Process Techniques 3:1035.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, L., and Z. A. Wahid. 2015. Methods for enhancing bio-hydrogen production from biological process: A review. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 21:70–80. doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2014.05.035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, T., S. Hoshino, T. Takahashi, and K. Uchida. 2018. Nanoscale Pt thin film sensor for accurate detection of ppm level hydrogen in air at high humidity. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 258:913–19. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2017.11.115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van de Graaf, T., I. Overland, D. Scholten, and K. Westphal. 2020. The new oil? The geopolitics and international governance of hydrogen. Energy Research & Social Science 70:101667. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez Abad, A., and P. E. Dodds. 2020. Green hydrogen characterisation initiatives: Definitions, standards, guarantees of origin, and challenges. Energy Policy 138:111300. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., L. Luling, and G. Zhang. 2018. Life cycle greenhouse gas assessment of hydrogen production via chemical looping combustion thermally coupled steam reforming. Journal of Cleaner Production 179:335–46. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weger, L. B., J. Leitao, and M. G. Lawrence. 2021. Expected impacts on greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions due to a possible transition towards a hydrogen economy in German road transport. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (7):5875–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, M., H. Lambert, E. Pahon, R. Roche, S. Jemei, and D. Hissel. 2021. Hydrogen energy systems: A critical review of technologies, applications, trends and challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 146:111180. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, M., K. Wang, and H. Vredenburg. 2021. Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 46 (41):21261–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.04.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgonnik, V. 2020. The occurrence and geoscience of natural hydrogen: A comprehensive review. Earth-Science Reviews 203:103140. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, G., M. Rykær Kraglund, H. Lund Frandsen, A. Christian Wulff, S. Højgaard Jensen, M. Chen, and C. R. Graves. 2020. Life cycle assessment of H2O electrolysis technologies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45 (43):23765–81. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar