Exposure Controls for Nanomaterials at Three Manufacturing Sites

Abstract

Because nanomaterials are thought to be more biologically active than their larger parent compounds, careful control of exposures to nanomaterials is recommended. Field studies were conducted at three sites to develop information about the effectiveness of control measures including process changes, a downflow room, a ventilated enclosure, and an enclosed reactor. Aerosol mass and number concentrations were measured during specific operations with a photometer and an electrical mobility particle sizer to provide concentration measurements across a broad range of sizes (from 5.6 nm to 30 μm). At site A, the dust exposure and during product harvesting was eliminated by implementing a wait time of 30 -min following process completion. And, the dust exposure attributed to process tank cleaning was reduced from 0.7 to 0.2 mg/m³ by operating the available process ventilation during this task. At site B, a ventilated enclosure was used to control dust generated by the manual weigh-out and manipulation of powdered nanomaterials inside of a downflow room. Dust exposures were at room background (under 0.04 mg/m³ and 500 particles/cm³) during these tasks however, manipulations conducted outside of the enclosure were correlated with a transient increase in concentration measured at the source. At site C, a digitally controlled reactor was used to produce aligned carbon nanotubes. This reactor was a closed system and the ventilation functioned as a redundant control measure. Process emissions were well controlled by this system with the exception of increased concentrations measured during the unloading of the product. However, this emission source could be easily controlled through increasing cabinet ventilation. The identification and adoption of effective control technologies is an important first step in reducing the risk associated with worker exposure to engineered nanoparticles. Properly designing and evaluating the effectiveness of these controls is a key component in a comprehensive health and safety program.

Keywords:

• airborne contaminants
• control evaluation
• engineering controls
• engineered nanomaterials
• hazard prevention

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to acknowledge the support and cooperation from the management and the staff of the study sites, and wish to thank Daniel Almaguer, Catherine Beaucham, Christopher Sparks, Isaac Bartholomew, and Eric Devine for their assistance with field study and data analysis. The authors are grateful to Pengfei Gao, Bon-Ki Ku, Kenneth Martinez, and Jennifer Topmiller for their insightful comments and suggestions on the early version of the manuscript.

FUNDING

This research was funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health under the Nanotechnology Research Center project 927ZJLR.