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Articles

El Análisis Crítico del Discurso y el giro decolonial ¿Por qué y para qué?

Critical discourse analysis and the decolonial turn. Why and what for?

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Pages 156-184 | Published online: 07 May 2020
 

ABSTRACT

Pensar un análisis crítico del discurso desde una perspectiva decolonial significa, ante todo, la puesta en cuestión de la historicidad de la colonialidad/imperialidad/modernidad en términos de reciprocidad. Por esto afirmamos la importancia política de asumir la interdiscursividad como praxis metodológica y hegemónica. Nos posicionamos de forma crítica y heterodoxa respecto a los aportes decoloniales a través de tres propuestas principales: (1) Pensar la subalternidad en términos contradictorios y no dicotómicos. Queremos proponer un análisis crítico y decolonial del discurso −con las categoría de antropofagia y codigofagia− para rescatar la subalternidad en tanto que praxis política, interdiscursiva y extradiscursiva, en los procesos históricos, epistémicos, y sociales. (2) Reflexionar sobre el poder político representado por la metáfora de la codigofagia y antropofagia en relación a la problemática del situacionismo discursivo, con el objetivo de reiterar los peligros y las limitaciones de una geopolítica del conocimiento. (3) Afirmar que la imperialidad es la cara visible de la colonialidad, con el objetivo político de denunciar los conflictos discursivos y extradiscursivos constitutivos de las nuevas formas de dependencia, de desigualdad social y de injusticia cognitiva.

ABSTRACT

Critical discourse analysis from a decolonial perspective means first of all questioning the historically-determined reciprocity of coloniality/ imperiality/ modernity. For this reason, we affirm the political importance of interdiscursivity as a methodological praxis. We position ourselves critically and heterodoxically on the decolonial contributions through three main proposals: (1) Assuming subalternity in contradictory and non-dichotomical terms, we propose a critical and decolonial discourse analysis – through the categories of the anthropophagy and codigophagia, to rescue subalternity as a political, interdiscursive, and extra-discursive praxis in historical, epistemic and social processes; (2) We claim the political power of the codigophagic and anthropophagic metaphors and posit the drawbacks of a decolonial discursive situationism, that would reenact the dangers and limitations of the geopolitics of knowledge; (3) We define imperiality as the visible face of coloniality, to denounce, from a political perspective, the discursive and extra-discursive conflict, which entails newer forms of dependencies, social inequalities and cognitive injustices.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Notes

1 Con locus de enunciación se identifican las diferentes posiciones de “un proceso para contrarrestar la modernidad desde diferentes herencias coloniales: 1) herencias desde/en el centro de imperios coloniales (por ejemplo, Lyotard); 2) herencias coloniales en colonias de asentamiento (por ejemplo, Jameson en Estados Unidos); y 3) herencias coloniales en colonias de asentamiento profundo (por ejemplo, Said, Spivak, Glissant)” (Mignolo, 1995, p. 99–100).

2 Kristeva (Citation1966; Citation1996) reinterpretó los principios de Bajtin sobre polifonía y heterogeneidad y acuñó el método de intertextualidad, que implica la intersección de la historia y de la sociedad en el texto. Desde este enfoque, Fairclough elabora el método interdiscursivo para entender el discurso como configuración de diferentes elementos dentro de un campo o un contexto social. Este método es estratégico para comprender de forma más compleja el discurso en tanto que proceso hegemónico o, en otras palabras, como los procesos discursivos mediante los cuales se constituyen los sujetos y el sentido común se constituyen en términos de consenso y coerción.

3 En 1554, Hans Staden escribió en sus memorias que logró sobrevivir a un ritual de los Tupinambás en Brasil: una ceremonia en la que los jefes, después de tratar al enemigo capturado con atención y cuidado mediante, lo devoraron en un rito lleno de significados. La liturgia de la asimilación de los caníbales brasileños no estaba destinada principalmente a destruir al enemigo, sino que representaba la admiración que sentían por él. Al devorar al enemigo, los jefes de la nación tupinambá encarnaban y fomentaban el coraje, la inteligencia y la perspicacia del otro. Así, el ethos de la asimilación del modelo antropofágico reflejaba el deseo de incorporar, absorber e integrar en sí mismos los mejores atributos de lo que se percibía como exterioridad (Andrade, Citation2006, p. 7).

4 Donde la díada “colonizador-colonizado” puede ser alterada cambiando los significados del lenguaje colonial.

5 En esta polémica Ballestrin denuncia que “la esencialización negativa de los cinco siglos de modernidad para combatirla termina desplazando los tres procesos (aún) en cuestión en el siglo XXI -capitalismo, colonialismo e imperialismo-, sofocando la posibilidad de luchas por la des-imperialización y decolonización del mundo, sin los recursos y las interacciones puestas a disposición por la modernidad misma” (Ballestrin, Citation2017, p. 533).

1 Locus of enunciation refers to “a process whereby modernity is contested from different colonial heritages: (1) heritages from/in the center of colonial empires (for example, Lyotard); (2) colonial heritages in settlement colonies (for example, Jameson in United States); and (3) colonial heritages in deep settlement colonies (for example, Said, Spivak, Glissant)” (Mignolo, 1995, pp. 99–100).

2 Kristeva (Citation1966; Kristeva & Waller, Citation1996) reinterpreted the principles of Bakhtin on polyphony and heterogeneity and coined the method of intertextuality, which implies the insertion of history and society into a text and of this text into the history and society. From this approach Fairclough elaborates this interdiscurse method in order to understand the discourse as configuration of different elements within a social field or a social institution. This method is strategic to better understand the discourse as hegemony or in another words, the discursive processes by means of which subjects are constituted, and the common sense maintained in terms of consensus and coercion.

3 In 1554, Hans Staden registered in his memories that he managed to survive a ritual of the Tupinambás in Brazil: a ceremony where the chiefs, after taking care of the captured enemy for a certain period of time, would devour them on a rite full of significations. The assimilationist liturgy of Brazilian cannibals didn't have as a main objective to destroy the enemy but to express the admiration they felt for their opponents. By devouring the enemy, the chiefs of the Tupinambá nation incorporated the courage, intelligence and insight of the other. The assimilationist ethos of the anthropophagical model translates the desire to incorporate, absorb and integrate the best features of what is understood as exteriority (Andrade, Citation2006, p. 7).

4 Where the dyad ‘colonizer-colonized’ can be unsettled though changing the meanings of colonial language.

5 This is obviously very polemic for in it Ballestrin denounces that “to essentialize the five centuries of modernity in order to fight it ends up dislocating the three processes (yet) in question in the 21st century –capitalism, colonialism and imperialism– plastering the possibility of the struggles against the unimperialization and the decolonization of the world without the resources and the interactions made available by the modernity” (Ballestrin, Citation2017, p. 533).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Francesco Maniglio

Francesco Maniglio is a professor at the Technical University of Manabí, Ecuador. He holds a Ph.D. in Communication and Cultural Criticism at the University of Seville (Spain) and a Master in Philosophy of Law at the University Pablo de Olavide (Spain). He is an associate researcher of the Interdisciplinary Study Group on Communication, Politics, and Social Change (Compoliticas) at the University of Seville and of the Laboratory of Critical Studies of Discourse (LabEC) at the University of Brasilia. His latest publications include From productive to cognitive dependence: knowledge-based economies and highly qualified migrants in Latin America (SPE, 2019); The Global Transformation of University in the Economy of Knowledge Paradigm (IJSE, 2018); Brain Drain and Technologies in the Social Justice New Policies of Ecuador (In B.M. Pirani, Cambridge University Press, 2017); To lead without governing in the knowledge society (Discourse and Society, 2015).

Rosimeire Barboza da Silva

Rosimeire Barboza Silva is a Psychologist, and currently a Ph.D. candidate at the Centre for Social Studies of the University of Coimbra (CES/UC), Portugal. She is a researcher at NELiS (Center of Language and Society Studies) at the University of Brasilia. A former fellow of the International Fellowships Program of the Ford Foundation, her research interests are related to the ways homeless people mobilize struggles and demands for human rights in complex social contexts, critical black studies, transitional justice, feminist epistemologies, and the production of knowledge.

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