Recent advancements in the field of nanotechnology for the delivery of anti-Alzheimer drug in the brain region

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Brain is supposed to be the most complicated part of the body which is very far from the reach of drug moieties. The drug entry in to the brain region depends upon various factors, and among those, the blood-brain-barrier remains the most prominent one. This barrier restricts the entry of almost all the drug and most of the essential biological components like proteins, peptides, etc. and hinders treatment of the CNS disorders. Alzheimer Disease (AD) is one such brain disorder, more specifically a neurodegenerative disorder which primarily affects the older adults.

Areas covered: From solubility enhancement to targeted delivery, the nanoparticulate system became the answer for almost all the criticality related to drug delivery. Hence, nanoparticulate drug carrier system has been widely utilizing to remove the hurdles of brain drug delivery. Keeping this in mind, we have underlined the proficiencies of the nanocarrier systems which claim to improve the drug efficacy for the treatment of the AD.

Expert opinion: The nanotechnological approaches are highly exploited by the researchers to enhance the drug permeation across the BBB to improve its bioavailability and efficacy by protecting the drug from peripheral degradation. However, still in this area of drug targeting provides vast scope for discoveries towards the enhancement of drug efficacy through surface modifications, site specification, reduced toxicity of the nanocarrier system and so on.

KEYWORDS:

• Alzheimer
• nanotechnology
• BBB
• lactoferrin
• SLN
• NLC

Article Highlights

• The summarised pathological factors of Alzheimer’s disease.

• The article highlights the available treatments of the AD and future possibilities for effective treatment.

• Nanotechnological approach adapted towards the treatment of AD and its advancements.

• The review summarizes the research done in last ten years in the field of Alzheimer treatment.

• A comparative analysis of the work and future possibilities.

This box summarizes key points contained in the article.

Acknowledgments

The authors want to acknowledge Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, for all the essential facilities to complete this work. We are also grateful to the e-library of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, 490001 for offering the UGC-INFLIBNET facility. The authors want to express their sincere gratitude to different government bodies for financial assistance.

Declaration of interest

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose

Notes

1. Alzheimer’s disease.

2. Food and drug administration.

3. Cholinesterase inhibitor.

4. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

5. Amyloid precursor protein.

6. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.

7. Microtubule associated protein.

8. Blood brain barrier.

9. Acetylcholinesterase .

10. Butyl cholinesterase.

11. Gastro intestinal.

12. United states food and drug administration.

13. Intravenous.

14. Nanoparticle.

15. Central nervous system.

16. Amyloid β peptide.

17. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid).

18. Poly vinyl alcohol.

19. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[4-(p-maleimidophe-nyl)butyramide](sodium salt).

20. 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate](sodium salt).

21. Dithiothreitol.

22. lactoferrin.

23. Poly ethylene glycol.

24. Poly lactic acid.

25. Lactoferrin modified nanoparticle.

26. Amino acid.

27. Brain capillary endothelial cell.

28. Methoxy poly (ethylene glycol).

29. Brain endothelial cell lining.

30. Area under curve.

31. BBB targeting peptide.

32. Aβ42 targeting peptide.

33. TGN and QSH conjugated nanoparticles.

34. cholesteryl bearing pullulans.

35. Apolipoprotein E.

36. Phosphatides’ .

37. Liposome .

38. low-density lipoprotein.

39. Apo-lipo-protein-B-100.

40. Nano-lipid carrier .

41. Lactoferrin.

42. Carboxylated polyethylene glycol (100) monostearate .

43. Parkinsons disease.

44. Creutzfeldt Jacob disease.

45. Pomegranate seed oil .

46. nanoemulsion.

47. Oil body emulsion.

48. Ginkgolide B.

49. Choline acetyl transferase.

50. Solid lipid nanoparticles.

51. Reticuloendothelial system.

52. Piperine.

53. Glycerol monostearate.

54. Intracerebroventricular streptozocin .

55. Sesamol-solid lipid nanoparticle.

56. Galantamine.

57. Lipoyl-memantine solid lipid nanoparticle.

58. Lipoyl-memantine .

59. Epigallocatechine-3-gallate .

60. Lactate dehydrogenase.

61. Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs.

62. α-Malemidyl-ω-N-hydroxysuccinimidylpolyethyleneglycol.

63. Dendrigraft poly-L-lysines.

64. Porcine brain capillary endothelial cells.

Additional information

Funding

The authors received funding from the Department of Science and Technology [No. SR/FST/LSI434/2010], New Delhi (SERC Division), India and UGC-SAP F.No.3-54/2011 (SAP II) dated March 2011, New Delhi, India. In addition, the authors received funding from other science bodies: the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, India (Start-Up grant scheme) vide letter no. SERB/LS- 368/2013, dated 10 June 2013; Chhattisgarh Council of Science and Technology (CGCOST) (mini-research project (MRP)) vide letter no. 1124/CCOST/MRP/2015; Dated: 4 September 2015, and 1115/CCOST/MRP/2015; Dated: 4 September 2015; University Grant Commission (UGC), New Delhi, vide letter .no. MRP ID: MRP-MAJOR-PHAR-2013-31484; and All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi, vide letter.no. F. No. 8-126/RIFD/Policy-3/2013-14 dated 4 February 2014. One of the authors received support from the National Institute of General Medical Science of the National Institute of Health under award number SC3GM109873. The authors received funding from Hawai’i Community Foundation, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, for research support on lung cancer [LEAHI FUND for Pulmonary Research Award; ID# 15ADVC-74296]. Lastly, the authors also received start-up financial support from the Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, the USA.