Abstract
The social constructs of race and gender are often diluted in their importance to the processes of human reality. However, understanding how each is shaped by social institutions, such as sports media, is necessary in order to explain individual perceptions of each. Using framing theory, and informed by feminist thought and critical race theory, this study critically examines the visual US newspaper coverage of interscholastic female athletes, thereby addressing the need for further research regarding the intersections of race and gender in sports media. Specifically, it thematically analyses the photographs and accompanying text of interscholastic female basketball players. Affirming prior research, this study found that newspapers upheld hegemonic masculinity through their under-representation of photographic images of high school female athletes. However, contrary to female collegiate and professional coverage, the instances of occurrences of female high school athletes and their accompanying texts did not serve to reduce, trivialize, or underestimate their athletic accomplishments. Rather, they seemed to affirm female athletics.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank Dr. Catherine Luther, Dr. Erin Whiteside, and Dr. Rob Hardin for their insight and help with this paper.
Notes
14. See CitationBillings, ‘In Search of Women Athletes’; CitationBillings, Halone, and Denham, ‘“Man, That Was a Pretty Shot”’, 295–314; CitationDuncan, ‘Sports Photographs and Sexual Difference’; CitationHardin, Lynn, and Walsdorf, ‘Challenge and Conformity’; CitationHardin et al., ‘Framing of Sexual Difference’; and CitationKuhn, Power of the Image.
16. National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), ‘High School Sports Participation Increases for the 22nd Straight Year’, NFHS, www.nfhs.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier = id&ItemID = 5751&libID = 5773.
32. This study uses the term Black(s), rather than African-American(s), to describe Americans of African descent as most Blacks in today's society are several generations removed from their African heritage and White(s) to describe Americans of European descent.
38.CitationConnell, Gender & Power, 81 (emphasis present in original quote).
39.CitationDuncan, ‘Sports Photographs and Sexual Difference’ (italics used in source for emphasis).
43. See CitationConnell, Masculinities; and Vincent and Crossman, ‘Champions, a Celebrity Crossover’.
48. See CitationDuncan, ‘Sports Photographs and Sexual Difference’; and Kinnick, ‘Gender Bias in Newspaper Profiles’.
62.CitationKane, ‘Resistance/Transformation of the Oppositional Binary’, 204.
74. Opinion of Federal Judge Leon Higginbothan in Commonwealth of Pennsylvania et al. v. Local Union 542, International Union of Operating Engineers, 552 F.2d 498 (1977).
75. NewsBank Inc., ‘America's Historical Newspapers’, NewsBank, http://www.newsbank.com/colleges/index.cfm?content = 220.
76. NFHS, ‘High School Sports Participation Increases for the 22nd Straight Year’, www.nfhs.org/WorkArea/linkit.aspx?LinkIdentifier = id&ItemID = 5751&libID = 5773.
77. The East North Central region includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
78. The East South Central region includes Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
79. See CitationBillings, Halone, and Denham, ‘“Man, That Was a Pretty Shot”’; CitationCuneen and Sidwell, ‘Gender Portrayals’; CitationDuncan, ‘Sports Photographs and Sexual Difference’; CitationDuncan and Sayaovong, ‘Photographic Images and Gender’; CitationHardin, Lynn, and Walsdorf, ‘Challenge and Conformity’; CitationKian and Clavio, ‘Comparison of Online Media’; CitationKian, Mondello, and Vincent, ‘ESPN: The Women's Sports Network?’; and CitationKian, Vincent, and Mondello, ‘Masculine Hegemonic Hoops’.
82. See CitationBillings, ‘In Search of Women Athletes’; CitationConnell, Masculinities; CitationDuncan and Hasbrook, ‘Denial of Power’; CitationEastman and Billings, ‘Gender Parity in the Olympics’; CitationTuchman, Daniels, and Benet, Hearth and Home; CitationVincent and Crossman, ‘Champions, a Celebrity Crossover’; and CitationWann et al., ‘Inequitable Newspaper Coverage’.
96.CitationCahn, Coming on Strong; Douglas, ‘To Be Young, Gifted, Black and Female’.
100.CitationHall, ‘Race, Articulation, and Societies Structured in Dominance’, 338.
103. Richard Lapchick, Jennifer Brenden, and Brian Wright, ‘The 2006 Racial and Gender Report Card of the Associated Press Sports Editors: Executive Summary’, College of Business Administration, University of Central Florida, http://www.bus.ucf.edu.
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