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Research Articles

Between modernization and mutual aid: the changing perceptions of voluntary sports clubs in England

Pages 23-43 | Published online: 08 Apr 2011
 

Abstract

This article provides an exploration of the emergent tensions arising from the participation of mutual-aid orientated voluntary sports clubs (VSCs) within a modernized sport delivery system in England. The analysis identifies the tenets of the New Labour government's ‘modernisation project’, the meaning of modernization for VSC organization and operation and the extent to which opposing pressures are negotiated within VSCs. The analysis is informed by a range of public documents produced by government and by 28 semi-structured interviews with VSC members and senior key stakeholders. These interviews were conducted in one English county using a stratified sample to assess the extent to which the mutual aid/modernization dichotomy impacts on the role of the VSC as sport policy implementer. The conclusions indicate that modernization is altering the structure within which VSCs sit as well as shaping both external and internal expectations of those volunteering within VSCs. The article finally considers some of the ramifications of the dichotomy between VSC mutuality and modernized delivery, for both sport policymakers and practitioners alike.

Este artículo sienta las bases para un primer análisis de las tensiones que están empezando a aparecer en el difícil encaje de los clubes deportivos voluntarios (CDV), cuyo objetivo se centra en la labor social y la ayuda mutua entre los socios, dentro de un sistema deportivo modernizado y muy profesionalizado en Inglaterra. El artículo comienza identificando los principales principios de la política de modernización propugnada por el gobierno del Nuevo Laborismo inglés, para después investigar las consecuencias de esta política en la organización diaria de los CDV y hasta qué punto se generan tensiones dentro de los clubes como consecuencia de dichos programas de modernización.

La investigación adopta una metodología basada en el análisis de documentos públicos adoptados por el gobierno y un total de 28 entrevistas semi-estructuradas con socios de CDV y representantes de organizaciones clave dentro de la estructura del modelo deportivo inglés. Dichas entrevistas se realizaron en una región de Inglaterra usando un sistema de selección estratificada de la muestra de población. Las conclusiones de nuestro análisis sugieren que se está produciendo un cambio en las estructuras de gobierno del sistema deportivo inglés, dentro del cual se encuadran los CDV, lo que a su vez condiciona las expectativas internas y externas de aquellos voluntarios que participan en la gestión de los CDVs. El artículo finalmente considera las consecuencias que la dicotomía entre modernización y voluntariado tienen tanto para las autoridades públicas como para quienes trabajan en los clubes deportivos sobre el terreno.

本文旨在探究互助導向的志願性運動俱樂部對英格蘭現代化運動推展體系所帶來的衝擊。本研究分析的資料來源為政府發布的公開文件,以及28個半結構式訪談,訪談鎖定志願性運動俱樂部會員及主要的資深利益關係人。訪談區域為英格蘭某縣內,由志願性運動俱樂部扮演政策執行者的角色,並依其分別受到「資助」或「現代化」影響的程度,進行分層取樣。研究分析歸納出以下三個議題:新工黨政府「現代化計畫」的信條,現代化對志願性運動俱樂部及其運作上的意義,以及志願性運動俱樂部協調內部對立勢力的程度。本研究認為,現代化不但改變了志願性運動俱樂部所在的社會結構,也塑造了其志工的外在與內在期望。本文最後探討志願性運動俱樂部的互助特質與現代化推展體系之間錯綜的關係,以供運動政策制定者和執行者參考。

本稿は、イングランドの近代化された(modernised)スポーツ遂行システムにおける相互援助指向型のボランタリー・スポーツクラブ(VSCs)への参加から生じている緊張の高まりについて調査をしたものである。新労働党政府の「近代化プロジェクト(modernisation project)」の原則、VSC組織と運営に関する近代化の意味合い、そしてVSCs内で対立する圧力がどの程度譲歩されてきたかについて分析をする。分析には、政府の多岐にわたる公的文章と、VSCメンバーと中心的なステークホールダーの上層部への28の半構造的インタビュー(semi-structured interview)を用いている。層別抽出法(stratified sample) を用いたインタビューをあるイングランドの地方で実施し、相互援助-近代化の二項対立がスポーツ政策を実施者であるVSCの役割に与える影響を探った。結論として、近代化はVSCsが属する構造を変化させ、VSCsでボランティアを行う人々の内外の期待を形作ったということが言える。本稿の最後には、スポーツの政策立案者と実践者の両者にとってVSCの相互性と近代的な運営に見られるニ分化の派生的な問題について考察を加える。

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on the previous version of the paper.

Notes

1. NPM seeks to move away from traditional public management which is viewed by advocates of NPM as old-fashioned and having limited practical applicability. For Newman (Citation2001) NPM represents a field of tensions which relate to the attempt by NPM to modernize government and the study of government from a particularistic view of the individual from an individualized and economic stance (Massey and Pyper Citation2005). Defining NPM is itself problematic, see, for example, Hood (Citation2005) for a more detailed discussion.

2. Club accreditation began in 2002 with Sport England introducing Clubmark. It is a portfolio-based system aimed to accredit VSCs in line with best practice for achieving high quality. It is aimed at VSCs that work with young people.

3. The FA Charter Standard Club Programme consists of three levels: FA Charter Standard Club, FA Charter Standard Development Club and FA Charter Standard Community Club (http://www.thefa.com).

4. Power of sport – an agenda promoting sport participation (cf. Sport England Citation2004b).

5. Civil society as a ‘revived concept’ (Allison Citation1998, De Hart and Dekker Citation1999) has coalesced around a limited conceptual consensus vis-à-vis its commonest application in contemporary thought, which has tended to be in the context of the functioning and operation of the modern democratic state (Gellner Citation1994).

6. Launched in 2002, Swim21 is the Amateur Swimming Association's accreditation scheme that seeks to incorporate all aquatic disciplines within an ongoing four-yearly reviewable process (see http://www.britishswimming.org).

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