Estimation of the dietary intake of 13 priority additives in France, Italy, the UK and Ireland as part of the FACET project

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary exposure of 13 priority additives in four European countries (France, Italy, the UK and Ireland) using the Flavourings, Additives and Contact Materials Exposure Task (FACET) software. The studied additives were benzoates (E210–213), nitrites (E249–250) and sulphites (E220–228), butylated hydroxytoluene (E321), polysorbates (E432–436), sucroses esters and sucroglycerides (E473–474), polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (E475), stearoyl-lactylates (E481–482), sorbitan esters (E493–494 and E491–495), phosphates (E338–343/E450–452), aspartame (E951) and acesulfame (E950). A conservative approach (based on individual consumption data combined with maximum permitted levels (Tier 2)) was compared with more refined estimates (using a fitted distribution of concentrations based on data provided by the food industry (Tier 3)). These calculations demonstrated that the estimated intake is below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for nine of the studied additives. However, there was a potential theoretical exceedance of the ADI observed for four additives at Tier 3 for high consumers (97.5th percentile) among children: E220–228 in the UK and Ireland, E432–436 and E481–482 in Ireland, Italy and the UK, and E493–494 in all countries. The mean intake of E493–494 could potentially exceed the ADI for one age group of children (aged 1–4 years) in the UK. For adults, high consumers only in all countries had a potential intake higher than the ADI for E493–494 at Tier 3 (an additive mainly found in bakery wares). All other additives examined had an intake below the ADI. Further refined exposure assessments may be warranted to provide a more in-depth investigation for those additives that exceeded the ADIs in this paper. This refinement may be undertaken by the introduction of additive occurrence data, which take into account the actual presence of these additives in the different food groups.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• FACET
• dietary intake
• food additives
• exposure assessment
• preservatives
• sweeteners
• emulsifiers
• antioxidants
• stabilizers
• acceptable daily intake (ADI)