Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and application of nano-therapeutics as a promising approach to combat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and one of the most prevalent infectious disease-related causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. This pathogen can trigger a broad spectrum of diseases, from sepsis and pneumonia to severe skin infections that can be fatal. In this review, we will provide an overview of S. aureus and discuss the extensive literature on epidemiology, transmission, genetic diversity, evolution and antibiotic resistance strains, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While many different virulence factors that S. aureus produces have been investigated as therapeutic targets, this review examines recent nanotechnology approaches, which employ materials with atomic or molecular dimensions and are being used to diagnose, treat, or eliminate the activity of S. aureus. Finally, having a deeper understanding and clearer grasp of the roles and contributions of S. aureus determinants, antibiotic resistance, and nanotechnology will aid us in developing anti-virulence strategies to combat the growing scarcity of effective antibiotics against S. aureus.

KEYWORDS:

• Staphylococcus aureus
• antibiotic resistance
• nanotechnology
• mesoporous silica nanoparticles
• MDR

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Authors’ contributions

RB and ROA wrote the first version, IN and RB edited the manuscript, and OA wrote, edit, and ‎supervised the overall project. ‎

Data availability statement

Data files are available upon request.

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.