The role of cognitive flexibility and hope in the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment: a moderated mediation model

ABSTRACT

Objectives

The COVID-19 pandemic caused people to suffer from secondary problems such as social isolation and loneliness as well as experiencing anxiety about catching and spreading the virus. Existing research emphasizes the roles of cognitive flexibility and hope for psychological adjustment but the mediating and moderating mechanisms have not yet been researched widely. Therefore, this study examined whether hope mediated the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment problems and whether cognitive flexibility moderated this mediation effect of hope in the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment problems during the COVID-19 pandemic curfew in Turkey.

Methods

A total of 512 Turkish students and young adults completed UCLA Loneliness Scale, Brief Psychological Adjustment Scale, Dispositional Hope Scale, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory for this cross-sectional study.

Results

The results indicated that loneliness had a significant and positive predictive effect on the psychological adjustment problems and that this relationship was partially mediated by hope. Further, psychological flexibility moderated the relationship between loneliness and hope.

Conclusions

The current study contributes a better understanding of the influence of loneliness on psychological adjustment, especially during the COVID-19 curfew period.

KEY POINTS

What is already known about this topic:

(1) Loneliness is positively associated with psychological adjustment problems.

(2) Hope proved to play an important role in psychological adjustment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

(3) Cognitive flexibility is positively related to hope.

What this topic adds:

(1) Hope mediates the relationship between loneliness and psychological adjustment problems during the COVID-19 curfew.

(2) The association between loneliness and hope is moderated by cognitive flexibility, such that the association becomes weaker for those who report higher levels of cognitive flexibility.

(3) The indirect effect of loneliness on psychological adjustment problems via hope is conditional on the levels of cognitive flexibility.

KEYWORDS:

• Loneliness
• hope
• cognitive flexibility
• psychological adjustment
• COVID-19

Data availability

Data is available from https://mfr.osf.io/render?url=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fvn2zr%2Fdownload

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Ethical standards

The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation.

Additional information

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.