Advanced search
Publication Cover
Virulence Volume 9, 2018 - Issue 1
Submit an article Journal homepage
11,335
Views
137
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Brevundimonas spp: Emerging global opportunistic pathogens

Michael P. RyanIndustrial Biochemistry Programme, Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, IrelandCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0489-0579
ORCID Icon &
J. Tony PembrokeMolecular Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland;Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, IrelandORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9340-7026
ORCID Icon
Pages 480-493 | Received 31 Jul 2017, Accepted 12 Dec 2017, Published online: 27 Feb 2018

ABSTRACT

Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria are problematic in clinical locations, being one of the most prevalent causes of nosocomial infections. Many of these non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria are opportunistic pathogens that affect patients that are suffering with underlying medical conditions and diseases. Brevundimonas spp., in particular Brevundimonas diminuta and Brevundimonas vesicularis, are a genus of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria considered of minor clinical importance. Forty-nine separate instances of infection relating to Brevundimonas spp were found in the scientific literature along with two pseudo-infections. The majority of these instances were infection with Brevundimonas vesicularis (thirty-five cases – 71%). The major condition associated with Brevundimonas spp infection was bacteraemia with seventeen individual cases/outbreaks (35%). This review identified forty-nine examples of Brevundimonas spp. infections have been discussed in the literature. These findings indicate that infection review programs should consider investigation of possible Brevundimonas spp outbreaks if these bacteria are clinically isolated in more than one patient.

Introduction

Gram-negative, non-fermenting bacteria are an emerging concern in clinical locations, being a common cause of nosocomial infections. Opportunistic pathogens from this group include many different bacterial species, including: Acinetobacter baumannii, Burkholderia cepacia, Ralstonia pickettii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sphingomonas pauciomobilis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia [Citation1–8]. The group can survive in a wide variety of environments including different water sources (aircraft water, bottled water, hospital water, purified water) [Citation9–12], and are usually resistant to a wide array of antimicrobials [Citation13,Citation14]. Examples include resistance to penicillins, aminoglycosides and monobactems in R. pickettii [Citation13] and penicillins, aminoglycosides, carbapenems and monobactems in S. maltophilia [Citation14]. Bacteria such as these have the ability to infect patients/individuals with underlying medical conditions and diseases. Examination of the scientific literature showed multiple types of infections resulting from Brevundimonas spp. This indicates that the genus may be a more widespread pathogen than was hitherto thought, with infections caused by Brevundimonas spp. being invasive and severe. The goal of this study was to give an overview of the range of Brevundimonas spp infections, any underlying conditions associated with Brevundimonas spp infections and the treatment options used in the treatment of any Brevundimonas spp infections in order to assist medical practitioners.

Genus Brevundimonas

The genus Brevundimonas was first proposed by Segers et al [Citation15]; incorporating Pseudomonas diminuta and Pseudomonas vesicularis [Citation16,Citation17]. Several species of the genus Caulobacter were later transferred to Brevundimonas significantly emending the description of the genus [Citation18]. Currently, there are 25 species with valid published names within the Brevundimonas genus (http://www.bacterio.net/brevundimonas.html). The type species is Brevundimonas diminuta; with the type strain being LMG 2089.

Brevundimonas species are aerobic Gram-negative, oxidase and catalase positive, non-fermenting rods 1 to 4 μm in length and 0.5 μm in width, belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria class and Caulobacteraceae family with a DNA G + C content of 65% to 68% [Citation15]. Motility is provided by one short polar flagellum. Brevundimonas spp. have been isolated from multiple environments, including soils [Citation9–21], deep subsea floor sediment [Citation22] activated sludge,[Citation23] black sand, [Citation24], deep subsea floor sediment [Citation25] numerous aquatic habitats [Citation26], purified water [Citation27] and also from the condensation water of a Russian space laboratory [Citation28].

Brevundimonas spp.

Brevundimonas diminuta

Brevundimonas diminuta is the type species of the Brevundimonas genus. It has been isolated from clinical specimens, including blood and urine [Citation15] as well as from the lung sputum of cystic fibrosis patients [Citation29]. B. diminuta is not believed to be a significant pathogen and its virulence is generally low. B. diminuta is used as a test organism to validate reverse-osmosis (RO) filtration devices for drinking water purification and is also used to test the porosity of pharmaceutical-grade filters (0.2 μm) due to the small size of the bacterium when grown in minimal media [Citation30,Citation31]. The bacterium has however been shown to be capable of penetrating these filters [Citation32]. The bacterium has been used as a potential bioremediator of marine oil pollution including diesels, n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [Citation33,Citation34] and insecticides [Citation35]. B. diminuta has also been used to mitigate the toxic effects of heavy metals on plant growth (rice) in contaminated soils [Citation36]. B. diminuta also possesses the ability to survive sanitizers such as Hydrogen Peroxide + Peracetic Acid [Citation37]. All available reported incidences of infection credited to B. diminuta are listed in -.

Table 1. Incidences of Brevundimonas spp. infection from 1978–2000 – Main characteristics of the case reports.

Brevundimonas vesicularis

Brevundimonas vesicularis has been isolated from eye, urine, wound cultures, the central nervous system, cervical specimens [Citation38], and also been found in the lung sputum of cystic fibrosis patients [Citation39]. The organism has been shown to support the growth of Legionella in nutrient limited water conditions [Citation40]. The mechanism behind this phenomenon has not been elucidated but it is hypothesised to be due to cryptic growth, with B. vesicularis having the ability to grow in nutrient limited conditions and Legionella growing on this [Citation40]. Further research is required to gain a fuller understanding of this phenomenon. B. vesicularis has been used as a potential bioremediator of polyaromatic hydrocarbons [Citation41]. All reported incidences of infection credited to B. vesicularis are listed in .

Identification of Brevundimonas spp

Members of the Brevundimonas spp. are Gram negative with cells appearing as straight slim rods upon Gram staining. They are non-spore forming. They are aerobic with optimal growth temperatures of between 30–37°C. They are oxidase positive and give variable results for catalase (usually positive). B. diminuta colonies have a chalk white appearance on MacConkey agar, whereas B. vesicularis colonies have an orange colour given by an intracellular pigment. Both grow slowly on ordinary nutrient media [Citation42]. Both B. vesicularis and B. diminuta can be identified via commercial biochemical identification kits or systems such as the API 20 NE system, the VITEK 2 system (bioMerieux) or the Phoenix-100 automated system (Becton Dickinson). MALDI-TOF identification is also being used for identification of Brevundimonas spp. in clinical situations [Citation43,Citation44]. Species specific Real Time PCR primers and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes have been designed for B. diminuta [Citation45]. These can be seen in .

Factors associated with Infection

Underlying causes

The majority of infections with Brevundimonas () were found to have an underlying condition or disease that allowed patients to succumb to Brevundimonas infection. Seven patients, who were suffering with various types of cancer, contracted Brevundimonas -related bacteraemia, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and Empyema [Citation46]; a 56-year-old female with Lupus glomerulonephritis acquired a Brevundimonas -related leg ulcer [Citation47] and an infant suffering from Pompe disease was diagnosed with Brevundimonas -related bacteraemia [Citation48]. Other examples of patients infected with Brevundimonas having underlying conditions are shown in . Such examples demonstrate the role of Brevundimonas as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals. Many of these instances of infection were hospital acquired although a large number were community acquired, which is interesting as opportunistic pathogens such as Brevundimonas spp or R. pickettii are usually contracted in hospital settings [Citation7].

Table 2. Incidences of Brevundimonas spp. infection from 2001 – 2010. Main characteristics of the case reports.

Table 3. Incidences of Brevundimonas spp. infection from 2010 – 2017. Main characteristics of the case reports.

Table 4. Molecular methods applied to identify Brevundimonas spp. [Citation45].

Co-Infection

Reports of cases of co-infection with Brevundimonas spp and other bacteria were rare with only two instances (one individual case and four cases as part of an outbreak) of co-infection being described in the literature. Han et al described seven cases of infection with B. diminuta within the same outbreak, four of these cases had other microorganism's co-isolated (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus – bacteraemia, Moraxella osloensis – catheter, Enterococcus sp. – UTI and Staphylococcus aureus – empyema) [Citation46]. Gupta et al. found co-infection (in a UTI) of B. vesicularis along with Candida tropiclis and Acinetobacter spp. [Citation49].

Pseudo-outbreaks

As can be seen in to date only two pseudo-outbreaks have been reported with Brevundimonas spp. Pseudo-outbreaks can be problematic as they can result in superfluous treatments given to patients (e.g. unnecessary antibiotics or the removal of indwelling devices such as catheters) and can waste valuable time and resources in the clinical setting. The causes of pseudo-outbreaks may be due to a number of different factors such as contaminated water used in the bacterial testing procedures or contamination of materials used in laboratory testing. Kim et al [Citation50] described how B. diminuta was the cause of a pseudo-outbreak in a general hospital ward in South Korea. Patients did not display symptoms associated with bacterial infection, even though the organism was detected. The source of the B. diminuta contamination was not discovered. Lee et al. [Citation51]. described B. diminuta as the cause of pseudo-outbreak in a tertiary care centre in the USA. The contamination was traced to pre-prepared inoculant media (used in the testing procedures for bacterial detection).

Table 5. Incidences of Brevundimonas spp. Pseudo-infection from 1978 – 2017. Main characteristics of the case reports.

Treatment

The treatment of Brevundimonas spp. infections is frequently difficult, as these bacteria can be resistant to many different antibiotics including β-lactams and fluoroquinolones [Citation46,Citation47]. There have been no controlled trials of antimicrobial therapy for Brevundimonas spp. infections in humans therefore therapy should be informed by the results of in vitro susceptibility testing on isolates. In the majority of cases listed in cephalosporins, penicillins or aminoglycoside antibiotics were given to treat patients and these were mostly successful.

Little is known about resistance mechanisms in Brevundimonas spp. Resistance to the fluoroquinolone family of antibiotics has been detected in outbreaks due to mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the host gyrA, gyrB and parC genes [Citation46]. BlaVIM-2 and BlaVIM-13, which mediate resistance to almost all β-lactams (except aztreonam), have been found in both environmental and clinical isolates of B. diminuta [Citation47]. The presence of BlaVIM-2 is related to a Tn1721-class 1 integron which was discovered in all B. diminuta isolates, with the determinant located on a plasmid [Citation47]. This integron also had an aac (6′)-Ib gene, which mediates resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Tetracycline resistance genes have also been found in environmental isolates of B. diminuta [Citation52].

Breakdown of cases of infection with Brevundimonas spp.

Literature searches presented in illustrate 49 separate instances of infection relating to Brevundimonas spp. The majority of these instances were infection with B. vesicularis (thirty-five cases – 71%). One outbreak had both B. vesicularis and B. diminuta and one case of infection with B. vancanneytii was reported. The rest of the cases were made up B. diminuta infections (twelve cases- 24%). The major breakdown of condition were as follows: seventeen instances of bacteraemia (34%), five instances of septicaemia/sepsis (10%), three instances of pneumonia/ pleuritis (6%), two instances each endocarditis (4%), keratitis (4%), and urinary tract infection (4%). Serious infections with Brevundimonas spp include four instances of septicaemia (8%), two of endocarditis (4%), one of septic arthritis (2%) and one of meningitis (2%). Other conditions include instances of two cases of tonsillitis (2%), two of liver abscess (2%) and two of botryomycosis (2%). There have also been two reported instances (4%) of Brevundimonas spp infection that have caused two or more conditions: bacteraemia and reactive arthritis and bacteraemia, urinary tract infection and empyema. Four instances of death have been related to Brevundimonas spp infection, three of bacteraemia and one of septicaemia.

Conclusions

Brevundimonas spp. are not currently considered as major pathogens. However, this should be re-evaluated in light of our investigations where forty-nine examples of Brevundimonas spp. infections have been found in the literature. These species have characteristics, such as ability to pass through sterilising filters, which may allow them to cause potentially harmful infections and even death on occasion. Although it is of low virulence and not as big a risk as other non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia etc., it should not be over looked as a possible cause of nosocomial infections and should be considered for inclusion in hospital screening and prevention programs. These programs should consider investigation of possible Brevundimonas spp outbreaks if these bacteria are clinically isolated in more than one patient.

References

  • Coughlan A, Ryan MP, Cummins NM, et al. The response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm to the presence of a glass polyalkenoate cement formulated from a silver containing glass. J Mater Sci. 2011;46:285–7. doi:10.1007/s10853-010-4945-y.
  • Peleg AY, Seifert H, Paterson DL. Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a Successful Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21(3):538–82. doi:10.1128/CMR.00058-07.
  • de Bentzmann S, Plésiat P. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa opportunistic pathogen and human infections. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13(7):1655–65. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02469.x.
  • Ryan MP, Adley CCF Sphingomonas paucimobilis: A persistent Gram-negative nosocomial infectious organism. J Hosp Infect. 2010;75(3):153–7. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2010.03.007.
  • Folescu TW, da Costa CH, Cohen RWF, et al. Burkholderia cepacia complex: Clinical course in cystic fibrosis patients. BMC Pulm Med. 2015;15:158. doi:10.1186/s12890-015-0148-2.
  • Brooke JS. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: An Emerging Global Opportunistic Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):2–41. doi:10.1128/CMR.00019-11.
  • Ryan MP, Pembroke J, Adley CC. Ralstonia pickettii: A persistent Gram-negative nosocomial infectious organism. J Hosp Infect. 2006;62:278–84. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.08.015.
  • Ryan MP, Adley CC. Ralstonia spp: Emerging global opportunistic pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33:291–304. doi:10.1007/s10096-013-1975-9.
  • Handschuh H, Ryan MP, O'Dwyer J, et al. Assessment of the Bacterial Diversity of Aircraft Water: Identification of the Frequent Fliers. PLOS ONE. 2017;12:e0170567. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170567.
  • Falcone-Dias MF, Vaz-Moreira I, Manaia CM. Bottled mineral water as a potential source of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Water Res. 2012;46:3612–22. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.007.
  • Soto-Giron MJ, Rodriguez-R LM, Luo C, et al. Biofilms on Hospital Shower Hoses: Characterization and Implications for Nosocomial Infections. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016;82:2872–83. doi:10.1128/AEM.03529-15.
  • Kulakov LA, McAlister MB, Ogden KL, et al. Analysis of Bacteria Contaminating Ultrapure Water in Industrial Systems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:1548–55. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.4.1548-1555.2002.
  • Ryan MP, Adley CC. The antibiotic susceptibility of water based bacteria Ralstonia pickettii and Ralstonia insidiosa. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:1025–1031. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.054759-0.
  • Flores-Treviño S, Gutiérrez-Ferman JL, Morfín-Otero R, et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Mexico: Antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation and clonal diversity. J Med Microbiol. 2014;63:1524–30. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.074385-0.
  • Segers P, Vancanneyt M, Pot B, et al. Classification of Pseudomonas diminuta Leifson and Hugh 1954 and Pseudomonas vesicularis Büsing, Döll, and Freytag 1953 in Brevundimonas gen. nov. as Brevundimonas diminuta comb. nov. and Brevundimonas vesicularis comb. nov., respectively. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1994;44:499–10. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-3-499.
  • Leifson E, Hugh R. A new type of polar monotrichous flagellation. J Gen Microbiol. 1954;1068–70.
  • Busing KJ, Doll W, Freytag K. Die Bakterienflora der medizinischen Blutegel. Arch Mikrobiol. 1953;19:52–86. doi:10.1007/BF00412315.
  • Abraham W-R, Strömpl C, Meyer H, et al. Phylogeny and polyphasic taxonomy of Caulobacter species. Proposal of Maricaulis gen. nov. with Maricaulis maris (Poindexter) comb. nov. as the type species, and emended description of the genera Brevundimonas and Caulobacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 1999;49:1053–73.
  • Kang S-J, Choi N-S, Choi JH, et al. Brevundimonas naejangsanensis sp. nov., a proteolytic bacterium isolated from soil, and reclassification of Mycoplana bullata into the genus Brevundimonas as Brevundimonas bullata comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2009;59:3155–60. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.011700-0.
  • Yoon J-H, Kang S-J, Lee J-S, et al. Brevundimonas terrae sp. nov., isolated from an alkaline soil in Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006;56:2915–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64253-0.
  • Wang J, Zhang J, Ding K, et al. Brevundimonas viscosa sp. nov., isolated from saline soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2012;62:2475–9. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.035352-0.
  • Tsubouchi T, Shimane Y, Usui K, et al. Brevundimonas abyssalis sp. nov., a dimorphic prosthecate bacterium isolated from deep-subsea floor sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2013;63:1987–94. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.043364-0.
  • Ryu SH, Park M, Lee JR, et al. Brevundimonas aveniformis sp. nov., a stalked species isolated from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2007;57:1561–5. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64737-0.
  • Choi J-H, Kim M-S, Roh SW, et al. Brevundimonas basaltis sp. nov., isolated from black sand. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010;60:1488–92. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.013557-0.
  • Tsubouchi T, Koyama S, Mori K, et al. Brevundimonas denitrificans sp. nov., a denitrifying bacterium isolated from deep subseafloor sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2014;64:3709–16. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.067199-0.
  • Abraham W-R, Estrela AB, Nikitin DI, et al. Brevundimonas halotolerans sp. nov., Brevundimonas poindexterae sp. nov. and Brevundimonas staleyi sp. nov., prosthecate bacteria from aquatic habitats. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010;60:1837–43. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.016832-0.
  • Penna VTC, Martins SAM, Mazzola PG. Identification of bacteria in drinking and purified water during the monitoring of a typical water purification system. BMC Public Health. 2002;2:13. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-2-13.
  • Li Y, Kawamura Y, Fujiwara N, et al. Sphingomonas yabuuchiae sp. nov. and Brevundimonas nasdae sp. nov., isolated from the Russian space laboratory Mir. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54:819–25. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02829-0.
  • Menuet M, Bittar F, Stremler N, et al. First isolation of two colistin-resistant emerging pathogens, Brevundimonas diminuta and Ochrobactrum anthropi, in a woman with cystic fibrosis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2008;2:373. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-373.
  • Sundaram S, Eisenhuth J, Howard G, Jr., et al. Retention of water-borne bacteria by membrane filters. Part I: Bacterial challenge tests on 0.2 and 0.22 micron rated filters. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 2001;55:65–86.
  • Sundaram S, Eisenhuth J, Howard G, et al. Method for Qualifying Microbial Removal Performance of 0.1 Micron Rated Filters Part I: Characterization of Water Isolates for Potential Use as Standard Challenge Organisms to Qualify 0.1 Micron Rated Filters. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 2001;55:346–72.
  • Lee S-H, Lee S-S, Kim C-W. Changes in the Cell Size of Brevundimonas diminuta Using Different Growth Agitation Rates. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 2002;56:99–108.
  • Guermouche M'rassi A, Bensalah F, Gury J, et al. Isolation and characterization of different bacterial strains for bioremediation of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015;22:15332–46. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-4343-8.
  • Wang X, Wang X, Liu M, et al. Bioremediation of marine oil pollution by Brevundimonas diminuta: effect of salinity and nutrients. Desalination Water Treat. 2016;57:19768–75. doi:10.1080/19443994.2015.1106984.
  • Zhao J, Tang X, Wang D, et al. Isolation and identification of malathion-degrading strain of Brevundimonas diminuta. 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering. 2011;1600–2.
  • Singh N, Marwa N, Mishra Sk, et al. Brevundimonas diminuta mediated alleviation of arsenic toxicity and plant growth promotion in Oryza sativa L. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016;125:25–34. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.020.
  • Mazzola PG, Martins AM, Penna TC. Chemical resistance of the gram-negative bacteria to different sanitizers in a water purification system. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:131. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-131.
  • Karadag N, Karagol BS, Kundak AA, et al. Spectrum of Brevundimonas vesicularis infections in neonatal period: a case series at a tertiary referral center. Infection. 2012;40:509–15. doi:10.1007/s15010-012-0274-1.
  • Fernández-Olmos A, García-Castillo M, Morosini M-I, et al. MALDI-TOF MS improves routine identification of non-fermenting Gram negative isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros. 2012;11:59–62. doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2011.09.001.
  • Koide M, Higa F, Tateyama M, et al. Role of Brevundimonas vesicularis in supporting the growth of Legionella in nutrient-poor environments. New Microbiol. 2014;37:33–9.
  • Gebreil AS, Abraham W-R. Diversity and Activity of Bacterial Biofilm Communities Growing on Hexachlorocyclohexane. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2016;227:295. doi:10.1007/s11270-016-2988-7.
  • Lipuma J, Currie B, Peacock S, et al. Burkholderia, Stenotrophomonas, Ralstonia, Cupriavidus, Pandoraea, Brevundimonas, comamonas, Delftia and Acidovorax. In: Versalovic J, Carroll K, Funke G, Jorgensen J, Landry M, Warnock D, editors. Manual of Clinical microbiology. 10th ed. Washington: DC: ASM Press; 2011. p. 692–713.
  • Mellmann A, Cloud J, Maier T, et al. Evaluation of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Comparison to 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Species Identification of Nonfermenting Bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:1946–54. doi:10.1128/JCM.00157-08.
  • Lu B, Shi Y, Zhu F, et al. Pleuritis due to Brevundimonas diminuta in a previously healthy man. J Med Microbiol. 2013;62:479–82. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.045013-0.
  • Donofrio RS, Bestervelt LL, Saha R, et al. Quantitative real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization approaches for enumerating Brevundimonas diminuta in drinking water. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;37:909–18. doi:10.1007/s10295-010-0738-1.
  • Han XY, Andrade RA. Brevundimonas diminuta infections and its resistance to fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:853–9. doi:10.1093/jac/dki139.
  • Almuzara MN, Barberis CM, Rodríguez CH, et al. First Report of an Extensively Drug-Resistant VIM-2 Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Brevundimonas diminuta Clinical Isolate. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:2830–2. doi:10.1128/JCM.00924-12.
  • Khalifa BHA, Bouzidi H, Sfar MT, et al. [Brevundimonas vesicularis bacteremia in an infant presenting with Pompe disease]. Medecine et maladies infectieuses. 2012;42:370–1.
  • Gupta PK, Appannanavar SB, Kaur H, et al. Hospital acquired urinary tract infection by multidrug-resistant Brevundimonas vesicularis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2014;57:486–8. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.138789.
  • Kim YH, Koh EM, Lee YW, et al. Pseudo-outbreak of Brevundimonas diminuta. Kor J Clin Microbiol. 2011;14:115–7. doi:10.5145/KJCM.2011.14.3.115.
  • Lee RA, Moser SA, Long M, et al. Pseudo-outbreak of Brevundimonas diminuta Attributed to Contamination of Culture Medium Supplement. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38:598–601. doi:10.1017/ice.2017.17.
  • Adelowo OO, Fagade OE. The tetracycline resistance gene tet39 is present in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria from a polluted river, Southwestern Nigeria. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009;48:167–72. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02523.x.
  • Otto LA, Deboo BS, Capers EL, et al. Pseudomonas vesicularis from cervical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1978;7:341–5.
  • Vanholder R, Vanhaecke E, Ringoir S. Pseudomonas septicemia due to deficient disinfectant mixing during reuse. Int J Artif Organs. 1992;15:19–24.
  • Vanholder R, Vanhaecke E, Ringoir S. Waterborne Pseudomonas septicemia. ASAIO Trans. 1990;36:M215–6.
  • Planes AM, Ramirez A, Fernandez F, et al. Pseudomonas vesicularis bacteraemia Infection. 1992;20:367–8. doi:10.1007/BF01710687.
  • Pasadakis P, Thodis E, Eftimimiadou A, et al. Treatment and prevention of relapses of CAPD Pseudomonas peritonitis. Adv Perit Dial. 1993;9:206–10.
  • Oberhelman RA, Humbert JR, Santorelli FW. Pseudomonas vesicularis causing bacteremia in a child with sickle cell anemia. South Med J. 1994;87:821–22. doi:10.1097/00007611-199408000-00012.
  • Calegari L, Gezuele EG, Torres E, et al. Botryomycosis caused by Pseudomonas vesicularis. Int J Dermatol. 1996;35:817–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1996.tb02984.x.
  • Gilad J, Borer A, Peled N, et al. Hospital-acquired Brevundimonas vesicularis septicaemia following open-heart surgery: Case report and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2000;32:90–91.
  • Lee MR, Huang YT, Liao CH, et al. Bacteremia caused by Brevundimonas species at a tertiary care hospital in Taiwan, 2000–2010. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:1185–91. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1210-5.
  • Seve S, Mohammedi I, Martin O, et al. [Brevundimona vesicularis bacteremia in a patient in aplasia]. Presse Med (Paris, France: 1983). 2004;33:172. doi:10.1016/S0755-4982(04)98516-8.
  • Chi C-y, Fung C-p, Wong W-w, et al. Brevundimonas bacteremia: Two case reports and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:59–61. doi:10.1080/00365540310018879.
  • Vahid, B. Brevundimonas vesicularis bacteremia following allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;5:1.
  • Papaefstathiou C, Christopoulos C, Zoumberi M, et al. Fatal community-acquired Brevundimonas vesicularis bacteremia in an elderly patient. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2005;27:57–8. doi:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2005.04.002.
  • Niedermeier DM, Frei-Lahr DA, Hall PD. Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia During the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy. Pharmacother. 2005;25:1134–40. doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.8.1134.
  • Mondello P, Ferrari L, Carnevale G. Nosocomial Brevundimonas vesicularis meningitis. Infez Med. 2006;14:235–7.
  • Choi W, Lee C, Kim A, et al. CAPD Peritonitis Due to Brevundimonas vesicularis. Perit Dial Int. 2006;26:510–2.
  • Yang M-L, Chen Y-H, Chen T-C, et al. Case report: Infective endocarditis caused by Brevundimonas vesicularis. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:179. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-179.
  • Zhang C-C, Hsu H-J, Li C-M. Brevundimonas vesicularis bacteremia resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ceftazidime in a tertiary hospital in southern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2012;45:448–52.
  • Pelletier JS, Ide T, Yoo SH. Brevundimonas vesicularis keratitis after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010;36:340–3. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2009.07.050.
  • Sofer Y, Zmira S, Amir J. Brevundimonas vesicularis septic arthritis in an immunocompetent child. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166:77–78.
  • Panasiti V, Devirgiliis V, Mancini M, et al. A cutaneous infection caused by Brevundimonas vesicularis: A case report. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2008;21:457–61. doi:10.1177/039463200802100226.
  • Viswanathan R, Singh A, Mukherjee R, et al. Brevundimonas vesicularis: A new pathogen in newborn. J Pediatric Infect Dis. 2010;5:189–91.
  • Chandra AB, Chandra PA, Chapnick EK. Bacteremia Caused by Brevundimonas vesicularis in a Patient with Biliary Pancreatitis. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2010;18:54–5. doi:10.1097/IPC.0b013e3181a4c87e.
  • Restrepo M, Andrea Granda P, Saldarriaga C, et al. Artritis reactiva asociada con bacteriemia por Brevundimonas diminuta. Revista Colombiana de Reumatología. 2010;17:245–8. doi:10.1016/S0121-8123(10)70071-2.
  • Estrela AB, Abraham W-R. Brevundimonas vancanneytii sp. nov., isolated from blood of a patient with endocarditis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010;60:2129–34. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.015651-0.
  • Shang ST, Chiu SK, Chan MC, et al. Invasive Brevundimonas vesicularis bacteremia: Two case reports and review of the literature. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2012;45:468–72. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2011.12.021.
  • Bhatawadekar SM, Sharma J. Brevundimonas vesicularis bacteremia: A rare case report in a female infant. Ind J Med Microbiol. 2011;29:420–2. doi:10.4103/0255-0857.90184.
  • Yoo SH, Kim MJ, Roh KH, et al. Liver abscess caused by Brevundimonas vesicularis in an immunocompetent patient. J Med Microbiol. 2012;61:1476–9. doi:10.1099/jmm.0.045120-0.
  • Karadag N, Karagol BS, Dursun A, et al. A premature neonate with early-onset neonatal sepsis owing to Brevundimonas vesicularis complicated by persistent meningitis and lymphadenopathy. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2012;32:239–41. doi:10.1179/2046905512Y.0000000019.
  • Pandit RT. Brevundimonas diminuta Keratitis. Eye & Contact Lens. 2012;38:63–5. doi:10.1097/ICL.0b013e31821c04f7.
  • Nandy S, Das A, Dudeja M, et al. Brevundimonas vesicularis bacteremia in a neonate: a rare case report. Natl J Integr Res Med. 2013;4:170–2.
  • Shobha K, Ramachandra L, Gowrish S, et al. Brevundimonas diminuta causing urinary tract infection. WebMed Central Microbiol. 2013;4(9): WMC004411.
  • Shujat U, Ikram A, Abbasi SA, et al. A Case of Bacteremia by Brevundimonas vesicularis in a Hospitalized Patient. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak.0 2015;25:391.
  • Kishore A. Brevundimonas Bactremia-A Rare Case Report in Diabetic Patient. Int J Med Res. 2014;2:58–60. doi:10.5455/ijmr.20150331035641.
  • Mahapatra A, Pattnaik D, Majhi S, et al. Post traumatic abscess caused by Brevundimonas diminuata: a rare case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2014;57:354–6. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.134754.
  • Ra H, Ho J, Yoon HJ, et al. S-337: A case of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Brevundimonas vesicularis. Kor J Inter Med. 2015;2015:206-.
  • Cao H, Li M, Yang X, et al. Brevundimonas diminuta bacteremia in a man with myelodysplastic syndromes. Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology. 2015;58:384–6. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.162920.
  • Singh S, Bhatia BD. Brevundimonas Septicemia: A Rare Infection with Rare Presentation. Indian Ped. 2015;52:901. doi:10.1007/s13312-015-0743-6.
  • Chandra A, Das A, Sen M, et al. Brevundimonas diminuta infection in a case of nephrotic syndrome. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2017;60:279–81. doi:10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_679_15.
  • Swain B, Rout S. Brevundimonas diminuta: An unusual cause for bacteraemia at a teaching hospital. The Antiseptic. 2017;114:27–28.
Download PDF

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.