https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9183-4128
Streptococcus suis is a microbe commonly present in pigs in many parts of the world. Usually S. suis does not cause disease neither in pigs, nor in humans. However, a number of outbreaks of S. suis have been reported for the last two decades and have raised the concern about zoonotic infections via infected pork meat. The human disease has mostly a zoonotic and occupational origin, however, in the Southeast Asia most people become infected by habitual consumption of raw or undercooked pork, blood and offal products in the form of traditional dishes. Human infections can be prevented by appropriate personal protective equipment and avoiding raw pork or pig blood. However, S. suis infections lead to considerable economical losses to the swine industry around the world. The estimated losses only in the USA are approximately USD 300 million annually [Citation1]. Taken all together, these justify the need of research on S. suis [Citation2].
More than 30 serotypes of S. suis have been identified based on the antigenic diversity of the capsular polysaccharide, a virulence factor of different S. suis serotypes [Citation3]. So far, serotype 2 is the most prevalent type in humans infected with S. suis [Citation4]. It is known that not all serotype 2 strains are virulent, and the degree of virulence varies among strains [Citation5].
Chang et al. have studied the role of two-component systems (TCS) in the interaction between S. suis 2 and the innate immune response in vitro and in vivo [Citation6]. TCS are the major signalling systems in bacteria and they are involved, among others, in the regulation of virulence in many pathogens [Citation7,Citation8]. This is one of the reasons why TCS are considered and have been explored as promising targets for antibacterial therapy [Citation9,Citation10]. The antibacterial effect of putative TCS inhibitors against S. suis in vitro, more specifically putative histidine-kinase autophosphorylation inhibitors, have been recently reported [Citation11]. Considering the growing problem of antibiotic resistance and the anticipated resistance development to bactericidal agents, targeting virulence, including TCS signalling modulation, has been considered a promising alternative approach for therapeutics with lower potential of resistance development [Citation12]. Chang et al. reported that several response regulators of S. suis 2 were significantly up-regulated following stimulation with polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), providing evidence that that S. suis 2 rely on multiple TCS to survive during host infection. The involved TCS include CiaRH which is known to contribute to S. suis 2 virulence in vivo [Citation13,Citation14,Citation15], the homologue of YycFG, which is essential for the viability of low GC-content Gram-positive pathogens [Citation16,Citation17], and a novel TCS, the VraSR, which Chan et al. have extensively studied thereafter. Bioinformatics research revealed that VraRS is fairly conserved among 25 S. suis strains with different serotypes and genotypes. The authors observed difference in the thickness of the polysaccharide capsule between the capsule of the wt S. suis 2 and the constructed mutant strain lacking VraSR (ΔvraSR), suggesting that VraRS might contribute to the regulation of the thickness of the polysaccharide capsule, and thus contribute to virulence. Evidence is provided that VraSR contributes to the survival of S. suis 2 in human blood in vitro by promoting resistance to and evading innate immune responses. Furthermore, Chang et al. report that VraSR promotes S. suis 2 adhesion in vitro, possibly contributing to its ability to pass the blood brain barrier and to cause meningitides. Last but not least, the study provides evidence that VraSR contributes to S. suis 2 virulence in vivo. Altogether, the reported data sheds light on the role of VraSR in S. suis 2 resistance to the host innate immune response and in the virulence of S. suis 2.
The study provides a foundation for further research in the precise molecular mechanisms underlying VraSR-regulated virulence and immune evasion by S. suis 2 and opens up the question of the role of VraSR-signalling in other S. suis serotypes and of VraSR homologues in other pathogens. Furthermore, the reported results suggest that VraSR signalling modulation can serve as a target for antivirulence and antibacteiral therapy against S. suis 2.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
Additional information
Funding
References
- Dutkiewicz J, Sroka J, Zajac V, et al. Streptococcus suis: a re-emerging pathogen associated with occupational exposure to pigs or pork products. Part I – Epidemiology. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2017;24(4):683–95.
- WHO. World Health Organization http://www.who.int/en/.
- Gottschalk M, Xu J, Calzas C, et al. Streptococcus suis: a new emerging or an old neglected zoonotic pathogen? Future Microbiol. 2010;5(3):371–91. doi:10.2217/fmb.10.2
- Gottschalk M, Segura M, Xu J. Streptococcus suis infections in humans: the Chinese experience and the situation in North America. Anim Health Res Rev. 2007;8(1):29–45. doi:10.1017/S1466252307001247
- Vecht U, Wisselink HJ, van Dijk JE, et al. Virulence of Streptococcus suis type 2 strains in newborn germfree pigs depends on phenotype. Infect Immun. 1992;60(2):550–6.
- Peixi Chang WL, Guolin Shi, Huan Li, et al. The VraSR regulatory system contributes to virulence in Streptococcus suis via resistance to innate immune defenses. Virulence. 2018;
- Casino P, Rubio V, Marina A. Structural insight into partner specificity and phosphoryl transfer in two-component signal transduction. Cell. 2009;139(2):325–36. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.08.032
- Beier D, Gross R. Regulation of bacterial virulence by two-component systems. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006;9(2):143–52. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2006.01.005
- Bem AE, Velikova N, Pellicer MT, et al. Bacterial histidine kinases as novel antibacterial drug targets. ACS Chem Biol. 2015;10(1):213–24. doi:10.1021/cb5007135
- Tiwari S, Jamal SB, Hassan SS, et al. Two-Component Signal Transduction Systems of Pathogenic Bacteria As Targets for Antimicrobial Therapy: An Overview. Frontiers in microbiology. 2017;8:1878. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01878
- Velikova N, Fulle S, Manso AS, et al. Putative histidine kinase inhibitors with antibacterial effect against multi-drug resistant clinical isolates identified by in vitro and in silico screens. 2016;6:26085.
- Dickey SW, Cheung GYC, Otto M. Different drugs for bad bugs: antivirulence strategies in the age of antibiotic resistance. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2017;16(7):457–71. doi:10.1038/nrd.2017.23
- Wisselink HJ, Smith HE, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, et al. Distribution of capsular types and production of muramidase-released protein (MRP) and extracellular factor (EF) of Streptococcus suis strains isolated from diseased pigs in seven European countries. Veterinary microbiology. 2000;74(3):237–48. doi:10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00188-7
- Velikova N, Kavanagh K, Wells JM. Evaluation of Galleria mellonella larvae for studying the virulence of Streptococcus suis. BMC Microbiol. 2016;16(1):291. doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0905-2
- Zaccaria E, Cao R, Wells JM, et al. A Zebrafish Larval Model to Assess Virulence of Porcine Streptococcus suis Strains. PloS One. 2016;11(3):e0151623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151623
- Winkler ME, Hoch JA. Essentiality, bypass, and targeting of the YycFG (VicRK) two-component regulatory system in gram-positive bacteria. J Bacteriol. 2008;190(8):2645–8. doi:10.1128/JB.01682-07
- Velikova N, Bem AE, van Baarlen P, et al. WalK, the Path towards New Antibacterials with Low Potential for Resistance Development. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2013;4(10):891–4. doi:10.1021/ml400320s