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Abstract
Environmental, sociocultural, political and economic changes are ever present in the Arctic and these have immediate and wide-ranging consequences for the people who live there. In Arctic Canada, cruise ship tourism has emerged as an important sector that simultaneously contributes to, and is influenced by, wider forces of change. Growth in cruise traffic has in part been facilitated by improved access as a result of decreases in sea ice. This paper reports on research using a systems framework to understand how residents in three coastal Inuit communities located along the Northwest Passage view these changes and how they are adapting to developments in the cruise sector. Interviews were conducted in Ulukhaktok (n = 22), Gjoa Haven (n = 52) and Pond Inlet (n = 47). Each of the three communities has experienced different levels of exposure to the cruise sector, and each demonstrates a variety of risks and opportunities. Future actions and strategies they have, or plan, to adopt are explored. This research is important to help prepare communities, policy-makers, as well as the cruise sector itself, to be responsive to change in these remote locations.
Acknowledgements
Tristan Pearce is acknowledged for his work with the residents of Ulukhaktok. Most importantly, we would like to thank the residents of Ulukhaktok, Pond Inlet and Gjoa Haven who kindly contributed to the C-TAC project.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1 Ford and Smit, “Vulnerability of Communities”; and Kaján and Saarinen, “Climate Change and Adaptation”.
2 Nuttall and Callaghan, The Arctic.
3 Lamers and Amelung, “Climate Change”.
4 Nuttall, Forest and Mathiesen, Adaptation to Climate Change.
5 Comiso, “Arctic Multiyear Ice”.
6 Wang and Overland, “Sea Ice Free Summer”.
7 Derksen and others, “Variability and Change”.
8 Pizzolato and others, “Changing Sea Ice”.
9 Furgal and Prowse, “Northern Canada”; and Byers and Lalonde, “Northwest Passage”.
10 Nuttall and Callaghan, The Arctic.
11 Stewart, Dawson, and Draper, “Monitoring Patterns”.
12 Stewart, Dawson and Johnston, Monitoring Cruise Ship Tourism.
13 Dwyer and Forsyth, “Economic Significance of Cruise Tourism”; and Dwyer, Douglas and Livaic, “Estimating the Economic Contribution”.
14 Johnson, “Environmentally Sustainable Cruise Tourism”; Klein, Cruise Ship Squeeze; Ringer, “North to Alaska”; Lester and Weeden, “Caribbean Cruise Tourism”; and Wood, “Deterritorialized Destinations”.
15 Berger, Cultural Analysis; Jaakson, “Passengers in Port”; Weaver, “McDonaldization Thesis”; and Yarnal and Kerstetter, “Group Tour Behaviour”.
16 Grenier, Nature Tourism.
17 Marquez and Eagles, “Cruise Ship Tourism”.
18 Grekin and Milne, “Pond Inlet”; Keller, “Canada’s Northwest Territories”; Nickels, Milne and Wenzel, “Clyde River”; and Stewart, Dawson and Draper, “Residents in Arctic Canada”.
19 See Ford and Smit, “Vulnerability of Communities”.
20 Murphy, “Community Attitudes to Tourism”.
21 Doxey, “Enough’s Enough”; and Butler, “Tourist Area Cycle”.
22 Krippendorf, The Holidaymakers.
23 See: Fredline and Faulkner, “Host Community Reactions”.
24 Russell and Faulkner, “Chaos Makers in Tourism”.
25 See: McKercher, “Chaos Approach to Tourism”.
26 Urry, Global Complexity; and Berkes, Sacred Ecology.
27 See: Leiper, Tourism Management; and Farrell and Twining-Ward, “Reconceptualizing Tourism”.
28 Holling, “Resilience of Ecosystems”.
29 Dawson, Maher and Slocombe, “Tourism and Systems Theory”.
30 See: Dawson and Scott, “Systems Analysis”.
31 Smit and Wandel, “Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability”.
32 Ibid.
33 Ford and others, “Climate Change”.
34 Adger, “Social and Ecological Resilience”, 348.
35 Ibid., 348.
36 Resilience Alliance, “Adaptive Capacity”.
37 Wolf, Allice and Bell, “Implications for Adaptation”.
38 Ford and others, “Mapping Human Dimensions”.
39 Dawson, Johnston and Stewart, “Governance”.
40 Cameron, “Securing Indigenous Politics”; and Wolf, Allice and Bell, “Implications for Adaptation”.
41 Bone, Canadian North; and Tester and Kulchyski, Inuit Relocation.
42 Myers and Forrest, “Making Change”.
43 Ibid.
44 Robbins, “Development of Tourism”.
45 Myers and Forrest, “Making Change”.
46 Stewart, Dawson and Draper, “Monitoring Patterns”.
47 Stewart and Draper, “Political Change”.
48 Viken and others, “Responsible Tourism Governance”.
49 Robbins, “Development of Tourism”.
50 Viken and others, “Responsible Tourism Governance”.
51 Kaján, “Integrated Methodological Framework”.
52 See: http://www.arctictourismandclimate.lakeheadu.ca/ (2010–2013).
53 For a study of residents impacts in the region, see: Stewart, Dawson and Draper, “Cruise Tourism and Residents in Arctic Canada”.
54 Lofland and Lofland, Analyzing Social Settings.
55 Adger, “Social and Ecological Resilience”.
56 Ford and others, “Climate Change”.
58 Berkes, Sacred Ecology.