Risks and opportunities associated with change in the cruise tourism sector: community perspectives from Arctic Canada

References

• Adger, W.N. “Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related?” Progress in Human Geography 24, no. 3 (2000): 347–64.10.1191/030913200701540465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, A.A. Ocean Travel and Cruising: A Cultural Analysis. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Berkes, F. Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Resource Management. Philadelphia, PA: Taylor and Francis, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Bone, R.M. The Geography of the Canadian North: Issues and Challenges. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, R.W. “The Concept of a Tourist Area Cycle of Evolution: Implications for Management of Resources.” The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien 24, no. 1 (1980): 5–12.10.1111/cag.1980.24.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, M., and S. Lalonde. “Who Controls the Northwest Passage?” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 42 (2009): 1133–210.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, E.S. “Securing Indigenous Politics: A Critique of the Vulnerability and Adaptation Approach to the Human Dimensions of Climate Change in the Canadian Arctic.” Global Environmental Change 22 (2012): 103–14.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comiso, J.C. “Large Decadal Decline of the Arctic Multiyear Ice Cover.” Journal of Climate 25 (2012): 1176–93.10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00113.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., and D. Scott. “Systems Analysis of Climate Change Vulnerability for the US Northeast Ski Sector.” Tourism, Development, Planning and Development 7, no. 3 (2010): 219–35.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., M.E. Johnston, and E.J. Stewart. “Governance of Arctic Expedition Cruise Ships in a Time of Rapid Environmental and Economic Change.” Ocean and Coastal Management 89, no. 1 (2014): 88–99.10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., P. Maher, and S. Slocombe “Climate Change, Marine Tourism, and Sustainability in the Canadian Arctic: Contributions from Systems and Complexity Approaches.” Tourism in Marine Environments 4, no. 2 (2007): 69–83.10.3727/154427307784772057
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., E.J. Stewart, P.T. Maher, and D.S. Slocombe. “Climate Change Complexity and Cruising in Canada’s Arctic: A Nunavut Case Study.” In Natural Resources and Aboriginal People in Canada, eds. R.B. Anderson and R.M. Bone, 414–39. Concord, NH: Captus Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Derksen, C., S.L. Smith, M. Sharp, L. Brown, S. Howell, and L. Copland. “Variability and Change in the Canadian Cryosphere.” Climatic Change 115, no. 1 (2012): 59–88.10.1007/s10584-012-0470-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doxey, G.V. “When Enough’s Enough: The Natives Are Restless in Old Niagara.” Heritage Canada 2, no. 2 (1976): 26–7.
   Google Scholar
• Dwyer, L., and P. Forsyth. “Economic Significance of Cruise Tourism.” Annals of Tourism Research 25, no. 2 (1998): 393–415.10.1016/S0160-7383(97)00098-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, L., N. Douglas, and Z. Livaic. “Estimating the Economic Contribution of a Cruise Ship Visit.” Tourism in Marine Environments 1, no. 1 (2004): 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, B.H., and L. Twining-Ward. “Reconceptualizing Tourism.” Annals of Tourism Research 31, no. 2 (2004): 274–95.10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J.D., and B. Smit. “A Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability of Communities in the Canadian Arctic to Risks Associated with Climate Change.” Arctic 57, no. 4 (2004): 389–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J.D., K. Bolton, J. Shirley, T. Pearce, M. Tremblay, and M. Westlake. “Mapping Human Dimensions of Climate Change Research in the Canadian Arctic.” Ambio 41, no. 8 (2012): 808–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J.D., B. Smit, J. Wandel, M. Allurut, K. Shappa, H. Ittusarjuat, and K. Qrunnut. “Climate Change in the Arctic: Current and Future Vulnerability in Two Inuit Communities in Canada.” The Geographical Journal 174, no. 1 (2008): 45–62.10.1111/geoj.2008.174.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredline, E., and B. Faulkner. “Host Community Reactions: A Cluster Analysis.” Annals of Tourism Research 27, no. 3 (2000): 764–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furgal, C., and T.D. Prowse. “Northern Canada.” In From Impacts to Adaptation: Canada in a Changing Climate, eds. D.S. Lemmen, F. Warren, E. Bush, and J. Lacroix, 57–118. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Grekin, J., and S. Milne. “Towards Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Pond Inlet, NWT.” In Tourism and Indigenous Peoples, eds. R.W. Butler and T.D. Hinch, 76–106. London: International Thomson Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Grenier, A.A. The Nature of Nature Tourism. Rovaniemi: University of Lapland, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Holling, C.S. “Resilience of Ecosystems; Local Surprise and Global Change.” In Sustainable Development of the Biosphere, eds. W.C. Clark and R.E. Munn, 292–317. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Jaakson, R. “Beyond the Tourist Bubble?” Annals of Tourism Research 31, no. 1 (2004): 44–60.10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, D. “Environmentally Sustainable Cruise Tourism: A Reality Check.” Marine Policy 26 (2002): 261–70.10.1016/S0308-597X(02)00008-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaján, E. “An Integrated Methodological Framework: Engaging Local Communities in Arctic Tourism Development and Community-based Adaptation.” Current Issues in Tourism 16, no. 3 (2012): 286–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaján, E., and J. Saarinen. “Tourism, Climate Change and Adaptation: A Review.” Current Issues in Tourism 16, no. 2 (2013): 167–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, C.P. “Stages of Peripheral Tourism Development – Canada’s Northwest Territories.” Tourism Management 8, no. 1 (1987): 20–32.10.1016/0261-5177(87)90036-7
   Google Scholar
• Klein, R.A. Cruise Ship Squeeze: The New Pirates of the Seven Seas. Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorf, J. The Holidaymakers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Lamers M., and B. Amelung. “Climate Change and Its Implications for Cruise Tourism in the Polar Regions.” In Cruise Tourism in the Polar Regions: Promoting Environmental and Social Sustainability? eds. M. Lück, P.T. Maher, and E.J. Stewart, 147–63. London: Earthscan, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Laxon, S.W., K.A. Giles, A.L. Ridout, D.J. Wingham, R. Willatt, R. Cullen, R. Kwok, et al. “CryoSat-2 Estimates of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness and Volume.” Geophysical Research Letters 40 (2013): 732–7.10.1002/grl.50193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiper, N. Tourism Management. Collingwood: RMIT Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Lester, J., and C. Weeden. “Stakeholders, the Natural Environment and the Future of Caribbean Cruise Tourism.” International Journal of Tourism Research 6 (2004): 39–50.10.1002/(ISSN)1522-1970
   Google Scholar
• Lofland, J., and L.H. Lofland. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Marquez, J.R., and P.F.J. Eagles. “Working towards Policy Creation for Cruise Ship Tourism in Parks and Protected Areas of Nunavut.” Tourism in Marine Environments 4, no. 2 (2007): 85–96.10.3727/154427307784772002
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J. “The Cruise Industry and Port City Regeneration: The Case of Valletta.” European Planning Studies 11, no. 3 (2003): 341–50.10.1080/09654310303634
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKercher, B. “A Chaos Approach to Tourism.” Tourism Management 20 (1999): 425–34.10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00008-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, P.E. “Community Attitudes to Tourism.” International Journal of Tourism Management 2, no. 3 (September 1981): 189–95.10.1016/0143-2516(81)90005-0
   Google Scholar
• Myers, H., and S. Forrest. “Making Change: Economic Development in Pond Inlet, 1987–1997.” Arctic 53, no. 2 (2000): 134–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickels, S., S. Milne, and G. Wenzel. “Inuit Perceptions of Tourism Development: The Case of Clyde River, Baffin Island.” Etudes Inuit 15, no. 1 (1991): 157–69.
   Google Scholar
• Nuttall, M., and T.V. Callaghan, eds. The Arctic: Environment, People and Policy. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Nuttall, M., P.A. Forest, and D. Mathiesen. Adaptation to Climate Change in the Arctic. Rovaniemi: University of the Arctic Rectors’ Forum, University of Lapland, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Pizzolato, L., S.E.L. Howell, C. Derksen, J. Dawson, and L. Copland. “Changing Sea Ice Conditions and Marine Transportation Activity in Canadian Arctic Waters between 1990 and 2012.” Climatic Change 123 (2014): 161–73.10.1007/s10584-013-1038-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resilience Alliance. “Adaptive Capacity.” http://www.resalliance.org/565.php.
   Google Scholar
• Ringer, G. “Cruising North to Alaska: The New “Gold Rush”.” In Cruise Ship Tourism, ed. R. Dowling, 270–9. Oxford: CABI Publishing/Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006.10.1079/9781845930486.0000
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, M. “Development of Tourism in Arctic Canada.” In Prospects for Polar Tourism, eds. J.M. Snyder and B. Stonehouse, 84–101. London: CABI, 2007.10.1079/9781845932473.0000
   Google Scholar
• Russell, R., and B. Faulkner. “Movers and Shakers: Chaos Makers in Tourism Development.” Tourism Management 20, no. 4 (1999): 411–23.10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00014-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smit, B., and J. Wandel. “Adaptation, Adaptive Capacity and Vulnerability.” Global Environmental Change 16 (2006): 282–92.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, E.J. “Comparing Resident Attitudes toward Tourism: Community-based Cases from Arctic Canada.” Unpublished PhD, University of Calgary, Calgary, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, E.J., and D. Draper. “Political Change and Tourism in Arctic Canada.” In Tourism and Political Change, eds. R. Butler and W. Suntikul, 68–81. London: Goodfellow Publishers, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, E.J., J. Dawson, and D. Draper. “Monitoring Patterns of Cruise Tourism across Arctic Canada.” In Cruise Tourism in the Polar Regions: Promoting Environmental and Social Sustainability? eds. M. Lück, P.T. Maher, and E.J. Stewart, 133–45. London: Earthscan, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, E.J., J. Dawson, and D. Draper. “Cruise Tourism and Residents in Arctic Canada: Development of a Resident Attitude Typology.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 18 (2011): 95–106.10.1375/jhtm.18.1.95
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, E.J., J. Dawson, and M.E. Johnston. “A Decade of Monitoring Cruise Ship Tourism in the Canadian Arctic: An Overview of Key Trends.” Canadian Association of Geographers Annual Meeting, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, June 1–5, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Tester, J., and P. Kulchyski. Tammarnit (Mistakes): Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939–63. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Urry, J. Global Complexity. Cambridge: Blackwell, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Viken, A., M.E. Johnston, T. Nyseth, and J. Dawson. “Responsible Tourism Governance: A Case Study of Svalbard and Nunavut.” In Tourism Destination Development: Turns and Tactics, eds. A. Viken and B. Granås, 245–61. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, M., and J.E. Overland. “A Sea Ice Free Summer Arctic within 30 Years?: An Update from CMIP5 Models.” Geophysical Research Letters 39 (2012): 1–5. doi:10.1029/2012GL052868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, A. “The Mcdonaldization Thesis and Cruise Tourism.” Annals of Tourism Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 346–66.10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, J., I. Allice, and T. Bell. “Values, Climate Change, and Implications for Adaptation: Evidence from Two Communities in Labrador, Canada.” Global Environmental Change 23 (2013): 548–62.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R.E. “Cruise Ships: Deterritorialized Destinations.” In Tourism and Transport, eds. L. Lumsdon and S.J. Page, 133–45. Oxford: Elsevier, 2004.10.1016/B978-0-08-044172-6.50015-7
   Google Scholar
• Yarnal, C.M., and D. Kerstetter. “Casting off: An Exploration of Cruise Ship Space, Group Tour Behavior, and Social Interaction.” Journal of Travel Research 43 (May 2005): 368–79.10.1177/0047287505274650
   Google Scholar