https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7804-8130
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ABSTRACT
Interest in algal-based bio-compounds has increased significantly and could be a healthy replacement for synthetic products. Certain algae could accumulate a high number of value-added bio-compounds possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in addition to various other medicinal and therapeutic properties. These comprise mainly bio-pigments, lipids and proteins which are accumulated in high amounts in a single cell under conditions of stress. However, the number of rich ketocarotenoid pigments, such as astaxanthin, lutein and fucoxanthin, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, have still miles to go for the commercial and global scaling up. Interestingly, several studies support that fermentation of algal biomass has great significance in producing a great amount of these value-added bio-compounds for industrial production. Fermentation of this algal biomass for value-added bio-compounds may open the horizons of viable processes for the valorisation of natural resources for food, beverages, cosmetic and medicinal applications. In this review, we have discussed the importance of various carotenoids, triglycerides, proteins, polysaccharides, etc. from micro- and macro-algae and how the fermentation of algal biomass leads to the enhancement of the properties of food from algae in the food industry. Additionally, the perspectives of the algal food industry for better health and living habits with the implication of fermentation are highlighted.
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Authors contributions
AA: Literature review, Writing – original draft, Data curation; AR: Literature review, Writing – original draft, Data curation; VS: Literature review, Writing – original draft, Data curation; PK: Literature review, Writing – original draft, Data curation; GS: Literature review, Writing – original draft, Data curation; JM: Review and editing; BS: Review and editing; SV: Conceptualization, Supervision; Writing – original draft, Review and editing; VV: Conceptualization, Supervision; Writing – original draft, Review and editing, and funding acquisition
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Ankesh Ahirwar
Ankesh Ahirwar his present research interests are in Diatoms, DiafuelTM, Astaxanthin from Algae, Algal culture, Algal based Fuel cells, Transcriptomics, and new arenas in Bio Nanotechnology to develop new Blue Biotech process to increase High and Low value products for commercialization. He is SRF (CEFIPRA).
Anshuman Rai
Anshuman Rai he is a Senior Scientific Officer at FSL, Haryana, India and expertise in DNA fingerprinting, diatoms, algal nanotechnology.
Vandana Sirotiya
Vandana Sirotiya her present research interests are in harvesting Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis and biofuel from Phaeodactylum tricornutum using nanoscalpels, identifying upregulated genes responsible for astaxanthin synthesis and commercialization of astaxanthin based personal care and wellness products.
Priyanka Khandelwal
Priyanka Khandelwal her research interests are nano-biotechnological aspects of algae, Microbial fuel cells, green and clean energy, etc.
Gurpreet Singh
Gurpreet Singh his research interests are industrial and biomedical application of microalgae and role of diatoms in green energy. He is UGC-JRF.
Deepak Jhadav
Deepak A. Jhadav he did PhD from Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur on Scaling up of microbial fuel cell and development of scaling up microbial fuel cell for sanitation applications. Currently, he is serving as a Research Professor at Department of Environmental Engineering at Korea Maritime and Ocean University (KMOU) Busan, South Korea. During his Master thesis research, he received DAAD fellowship in 2011-2012 to work in Technical University Braunschweig Germany. He has received several prestigious awards and fellowship including Young Technological Innovation Award (GYTI) at Rashtrapati Bhavan, IEI-Young Engineers Award, IEI-Promising Engineers Award, Brain Pool fellowship, Swachhta Sarthi Fellow, DAAD fellowship, IGCS fellowship, silver medal for post graduate studies at IIT Kharagpur, etc. His research area is microbial fuel/electrolysis cell, Bioelectrochemical system, Sanitation, Bioenergy research, Waste to Energy recovery. Field demonstration of Bioelectric toilet concept developed by him was appreciated by Ministry, Govt of India with Swachthon 1.0 Award in 2018. To his credits, there are over 60 papers in various peer-reviewed SCI journals of high impact factors and also authored 25 book chapters; 4 books. He has presented the research work at national and international conferences in bioelectrochemical system.
Harish
Harish he is an Assistant Professor (Senior) in the Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India. He has been CSIR fellow, Dr. DS Kothari Post Doctoral Fellow, and INSA Visiting Scientist Fellow. He is supervising Post Graduate and PhD students. He is currently running one research project of DST, New Delhi as PI and one project of CEFIPRA (Indo-France Joint Grant) as Co-PI. He has published more than 70 papers in reputed journals with a total impact factor of about 250.
Justine Marchand
Justine Marchand she is Assistant Professor in Le Mans University (France) in the ‘Organism Biology, Stress, Health, Environment’ laboratory and the research group. Metabolism, Molecular Engineering of Microalgae and Applications. Her research is orientated toward transcriptomic and bioengineering studies in microalgae and aim at understanding the regulatory mechanisms leading to modifications of the management of carbon atoms under stress conditions in marine microalgae and especially Phaeodactylum tricornutum. A special attention is paid to identify the role of transcription factors in the regulation and reorientation of carbon metabolism in order to control carbon fluxes toward compounds of interest (lipids, carotenoids). Justine is also working on the development of innovative methods for extracting molecules from microalgae such as using pulse electric fields. She has published more than 50 papers in international journals.
Benoit Schoefs
Benoit Schoefs Benoît Schoefs, plant physiologist, graduated from the Botanical Department, University of Liège (Belgium) in 1994. He worked for the University of Liège, Belgium (1994-96), the South Bohemia University, Czech Republic (1996-2000), the CNRS (2000-03). Professor (tenure) in Plant Physiology at the University of Dijon (France, 2003-11), he joined Le Mans University (France) in September 2011. He is the leader of the research group ‘Metabolism, Molecular Engineering of Microalgae and Applications'. At present, he has published more than 120 papers in international journals and monographies. He served as editor for books and special issues. He is a member of the editorial board of Frontiers in Plant Science, Marine Drugs, Communicative and Integrative Biology and Botany Letters. In addition to the Prize ‘D. Clos’ from the Academy of Sciences of Toulouse (France, 1998) for his PhD work, he won in 1998 the annual scientific competition organized by the Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium for his work on pigment biosynthesis. His present research is focuses on the physiology (photosynthesis, respiration), biochemistry (carbon metabolism, pigments) and molecular responses (transcription factors) of photosynthetic organisms, including algae, to biotic or abiotic stresses and biotechnological applications. These include biocompatible extraction of biomolecules from microalgae, biohydrogen evolution and the use of photocatalysis for water depollution.
Sunita Varjani
Dr. Sunita Varjani is currently working as a visiting fellow at the City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Additionally, she holds the position of Adjunct Professor at UPES in Dehradun, India. She has worked as Scientific Officer at Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Her major areas of research are Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology, Wastewater Treatment & Process Engineering, Bioprocess Technology and Waste Management. Her current research focus is on developing circular waste-based biorefineries for the sustainable production of chemicals and fuels. Dr. Varjani has worked as visiting scientist at EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Dr. Varjani has made noteworthy contributions to research with over 480 publications, including research and review papers, books, chapters, and conference communications. Dr. Varjani's research output has garnered significant recognition, as evidenced by her h-index of 63. She has been enlisted as a “Highly Cited Researchers 2022” (Top 1% in the World”, Highly Cited Researchers are 1 in 1,000) published by Clarivate's Web of Science. She has been enlisted as a Highly Cited Researcher (Top 2% in the World), Elsevier Citation Report (2020, 2021, 2022, 2023).
Vandana Vinayak
Vandana Vinayak she is Assistant Professor (School of Applied Sciences), at Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidhyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. She has been accoladed with Noel Deer Gold Medal award from Ex President of India (Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam), Young Scientist Award from Director DST(HSCST), Meritorious laureate award, Women scientist award and listed in 2% scientist in the world, Elsevier Citation Report, Oct 2023. Her research is focused on Diatom Nano engineering and Metabolism (DNM). She looks onto different aspects to harvest value added products from Diatoms and also Haematococcus. Her vast research domain is encircled towards sustainable algal technologies and valorization. She has published SCI/Scopus based nearly 50 research articles, 20 review articles, 12 chapters, 2 published patents and 3 filed patents. She is reviewer Indian Government and French and UK funding agencies, more than 20 different SCI/Scopus and pubmed Journals, guest/associate/review editor of more than 5 Journals, member of esteemed bodies like Royal Society of Chemistry, DST-(YASH) Government of India, has completed nearly 10 national research projects (DST(HSCST), DBT, UGC, DST Nanomission, INUP, NCPRE-IIT Bombay MeitY) worth Rs 1 crores as Principal Investigator and is currently running 1 international (CEFIPRA-Indo France project), 1 national INUP-IIT Bombay, MeitY as Principal Investigator and 1 national research project (DST SERB) as Co-Principal Investigator worth Rs 4 crores.