1,030
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Exiles and Arms: The Territorial Practices of State Making and War Diffusion in Post–Cold War Africa

&
Pages 183-202 | Received 01 Dec 2012, Published online: 25 Aug 2013
 

Abstract

The end of the Cold War resulted in a wave of political change among post-colonial states in Africa. Following these political transformations was nearly two decades of war in central Africa (the so-called Africa's World War). Building on a notion of effective sovereignty regimes, or the relationships between central state authority and state territoriality, this paper examines the territorial strategies and practices associated with the transitions to multiparty politics that enabled the space/time spread of war in the region. The attempts of existing regimes to create polities capable of returning them to power through elections gave rise to territorial practices focused on supporting exile and refugee groups that actively undermined the sovereignty of neighboring states. These territorial practices, with their roots in the democratization of single-party states, directly contributed to nearly two decades of war and human suffering in the region, while ending the wars required altogether new territorial forms of cooperation between states. This example illustrates the diverse territorial practices of states and extends the idea of sovereignty regimes by showing the implications involved in the attempts to change the forms of effective sovereignty in certain geopolitical contexts.

Extracto

El fin de la guerra fría dio lugar a una ola de cambio político entre los Estados poscoloniales de África. Estas transformaciones políticas llevaron a casi dos décadas de guerras en África central (la denominada “guerra mundial africana”). A partir de la noción de regímenes soberanos eficaces, o las relaciones entre la autoridad central del Estado y la territorialidad estatal, en este artículo se analizan las estrategias territoriales y las prácticas asociadas al desarrollo de pluripartidismo que han favorecido la propagación espacial/temporal de la guerra en la región. Los intentos de los regímenes existentes para crear políticas capaces de devolverles el poder a través de elecciones dieron origen a prácticas territoriales centradas en el apoyo de grupos de exiliados y refugiados que debilitaban activamente la soberanía de los Estados vecinos. Estas prácticas territoriales, con sus raíces en la democratización de Estados de partido único, contribuyeron directamente a casi dos décadas de guerra y sufrimiento humano en la región, mientras que para acabar totalmente con las guerras se necesitaban nuevas formas territoriales de cooperación entre los Estados. Este ejemplo ilustra las diferentes prácticas territoriales de los Estados y extiende la idea de los regímenes soberanos al mostrar las implicaciones que conlleva el intentar cambiar las formas de soberanía eficaz en ciertos contextos geopolíticos.

冷战结束,导致了非洲后殖民国家的政治变革浪潮,随之而来的是中非历时二十多年的战争(意即所谓的‘非洲的世界大战’)。本文根据‘有效主权政权’之概念,抑或中央政府职权与国家领域性之间的关係,检视与转变为多党政治有关的领域策略及实践,这些策略及实践触发了战争在该区域中的空间/时间传播。既存政权企图创造能够藉由选举夺回权力之政体的尝试,开啓了聚焦流亡者与难民团体以有效减损邻近国家主权的领域实践。这些源自于单一政党国家民主化的领域策略,直接导致了该区域将近二十多年的战争与人类的苦难,而终止战争则需要各国间的崭新领域合作形式。本案例透过显示在某些地缘政治脉络中,尝试改变有效主权形式所涉及的意涵,描绘国家的多元领域实践,并延伸主权政权的概念。

Résumé

La fin de la guerre froide a provoqué une vague de bouleversements politiques dans les états post-coloniaux africains. Il s'en est suivi presque deux décennies de guerre en Afrique centrale (appelée ‘la guerre mondiale de l'Afrique’). S'inspirant de la notion de régimes de souveraineté efficaces, ou des rapports entre l'administration centrale et la territorialité de l’État, cet article cherche à examiner les stratégies et les pratiques territoriales liées au passage à un système de multipartisme qui a provoqué la contagion en espace et dans le temps dans cette zone. Les tentatives des régimes actuels de créer des entités politiques dans le but d’être réélus suite aux élections a suscité des pratiques territoriales qui focalisent le soutien aux groupes d'exilés et de réfugiés et qui portent systématiquement atteinte à la souverenaité des États limitrophes. Ces pratiques territoriales, dont les racines sont bien implantées dans la démocratisation des États à parti unique, ont contribué directement à presque deux décennies de guerre et de souffrance humaine dans la zone, alors que mettre un terme à la guerre a nécessité de nouvelles formes territoriales de coopération entre les États. Cet exemple met en lumière les diverses pratiques territoriales des États et étend l'idée de régimes de souveraineté en montrant les implications des tentatives de moduler les formes de souveraineté efficaces dans certains contextes géopolitiques.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Paul Diehl, John Vasquez, Sara Mclafferty, Shin-Kap Han, and Sang-Hyun Chi for their comments and suggestions on aspects of this research. We also thank the Territory, Politics, Governance reviewers for their helpful comments on earlier drafts.

Notes

1. The Global archetype reflects the extra-territoriality of hegemonic states and the Integrative archetype is meant to capture the nuances of new political-territorial entities, such as the EU.

2. Eritrea is not formally independent of Ethiopia until 1993. Therefore, we included Eritrea as a separate state actor/regime only after 1992.

3. The most significant difference between COW and ATOP alliance data is that COW generally excludes treaties that treat security issues as secondary whereas ATOP does not (see Leeds et al., Citation2002). For example, treaties that establish regional trading blocks or common markets that also include provisions about mutual defense, such as the 1999 treaty that established the East African Community, are typically excluded from COW. We have adopted the ATOP approach and included treaties that serve multiple purposes.

4. The main historical accounts of the conflicts in the region published in English are Prunier (1995, 2009), Turner (Citation2007, Citation2013), and Reyntjens (Citation2009).

Log in via your institution

Log in to Taylor & Francis Online

PDF download + Online access

  • 48 hours access to article PDF & online version
  • Article PDF can be downloaded
  • Article PDF can be printed
USD 53.00 Add to cart

Issue Purchase

  • 30 days online access to complete issue
  • Article PDFs can be downloaded
  • Article PDFs can be printed
USD 147.00 Add to cart

* Local tax will be added as applicable

Related Research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.