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Articles

Deepening how cultural capital structures consumption of the performing arts

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Pages 52-67 | Received 19 Jun 2017, Accepted 17 Sep 2017, Published online: 12 Jan 2018
 

Abstract

This paper deepens existing research that suggests cultural capital (CC), a status-laden resource linked to social class, associates with differences in consumption values, consumption portfolios (range of products consumed), and emic (consumers’ own) interpretations of performing arts. Our research context comprises attendance at the live and recorded performing arts in a large metropolitan city located in a Western country in which the dominant language is English. The research methods comprise long interviews with, and observations of, a sample of 36 performing arts patrons who had attended a classical music concert at least once: specifically, 18 low CC and 18 high CC. Analysis suggests several advances on previous research. Specific subsets of consumption values linked to CC in the prior literature, associate with LCC or HCC. These consumption values can be viewed as macro-values, which associate with numerous micro-values. Additional consumption values worthy of additional exploration emerged from data analysis. Consumption portfolios identified in prior research, are confirmed as associating with CC.

对文化资本构造表演艺术消费的深入研究

本文基于现有研究,深入探讨了文化资本对表演艺术消费的重大影响。文化资本是一种地位负载资源,由区分生活及社会阶级的规范和价值构成,其中包括观看表演艺术。表演艺术是公共表现形式,如现场及录音艺术产品、音乐、电视节目、电影和录像等。过去一个多世纪里,理论家们发现,消费者将观看的表演艺术与其日常生活融为一体,彰显其实际的或渴望获得的社会地位。这些表演,是与人类生存和幸福有本质区别的活动,使他们能与目标人群建立联系、增强其个人独特性。通过表演艺术体现的文化资本对个体展示的影响的研究,尚缺乏理论和实证的明确性。研究表明,这类行为存在规律性差异,尽管这些差异的确切本质还不明,但文化资本与其有持续相关。有证据显示,跨社会历史背景(如个体生活的区域和时代)存在于与本话资本相关的这些差异中,微妙但却显而易见。研究人员还发现,与消费组合(消费品种类范围)相比,消费价值更能强烈反映文化资本的影响。其它研究表明,一直以来,消费文化资本影响或消失,或减轻。为解决理论的非条理性,本研究对现场及录播表演艺术的观看情况进行调查,调查地点为以英语为主导语言的某西方国家的某大都市。研究方法包括对18名低文化资本表演艺术熟客和18名高文化资本表演艺术熟客进行访谈、住家观察,他们都至少现场观看过一次经典演出。通过对正规教育、职业地位和社会阶级出身三个因素进行加权平均,进行文化资本程度评估。数据分析结果表明,本次研究较之前比,取得些许进展,低文化资本消费者更容易受到特定消费价值激励,比如:娱乐消遣、单纯欣赏、学习模仿、不求新意、追求奢华、兴趣狭窄和自我参照,他们更容易选择单一或抱负式消费组合。单一消费组合的特征是表演艺术范围有限,通常源语通俗文化,如攻速表演艺术就位列其中,其包括商业电视节目、流行音乐和好莱坞主流电影,尤其是动作、惊悚和浪漫喜剧电影。与此相反,抱负式消费组合不仅包括通俗表演艺术,也含有少许中端或高雅表演艺术。该行为可以解释为:一些社会经济地位较低的人倾向于模仿上层人士。高文化资本消费者更容易受到其它消费价值驱动,包括:复杂认知、鉴赏之心、追求真实、喜欢古典、寻求创新、大同胸怀和彰显权益。他们选择的消费组合或唯文化式、或多元式。唯文化式消费组合包括高雅文化,也包括微乎其微的中端和通俗表演艺术,比如古典音乐、戏剧、芭蕾、正剧和公办电视节目,但商业电视节目或广播从不位列这种消费组合之内。多元式消费组合包括传统高雅表演艺术、少量?端和中端表演艺术,比如情景喜剧、电视真人秀和百老汇音乐剧就属于这一组合。重要的是,本研究发现进一步证明了前人的研究。因此,对于表演艺术如何消费及其原因,文化资本能够继续做出有效预估。

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