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Research Article

Engagement, communication and context: the success of the human-map nexus

Received 24 Apr 2023, Accepted 22 Aug 2023, Published online: 20 Sep 2023
 

ABSTRACT

The communication paradigm was adopted by cartographic researchers in the 1960s as a means of describing and explaining the nature of mapping; the interaction amongst cartographers, their maps, and map users; and the way in which maps ‘work'. This paper considers some of the shortcomings of the cartographic communication paradigm, but proposes that enhancing it by incorporating modifications to its rigid linear and component-based model is useful, in trying to explain the success of maps in human society. The enhancements discussed all contribute to a deeper investigation of the ‘context' of cartographic activity, the model space which the traditional graphical representations of cartographic communication occupy. Thus, we present an exploration of several topics which it is felt could be incorporated into a deeper analysis of context: the concept of affordances; the role of cognition in human engagement with geospatial data and with maps; the nature of communication through the map medium; and the adoption of carto-pragmatics, a human-centred approach to map use. It is concluded that there are inherent relationships among these topics and each suffuses the total cartographic communication system, and each of its previously identified elements, therefore affecting the definition of ‘context’.

RÉSUMÉ

Le paradigme de la communication a été adopté par les chercheurs en cartographie dans les années 1960 comme moyen pour décrire et expliquer la nature des cartes ; l'interaction entre les cartographes, leurs cartes et les utilisateurs de cartes ; et la façon dont les cartes ‘fonctionnent'. Ce papier examine quelques défauts du paradigme de communication cartographique, et propose de l'améliorer en incorporant des modifications dans son modèle linéaire rigide et à base de composants, afin d'expliquer le succès des cartes dans la société humaine. Les améliorations exposées contribuent toutes à une recherche plus approfondie du ‘contexte' de l'activité cartographique, l'espace modèle occupé par les représentations graphiques traditionnelles de la communication cartographique. Ainsi, nous présentons une exploration de différents sujets dont nous pensons qu'ils pourraient être incorporés dans une analyse plus approfondie du contexte : le concept d'affordance ; le rôle de la cognition dans l'engagement humain avec les données géospatiales et les cartes ; la nature de la communication à travers le support cartographique ; et l'adoption de la pragmatique cartographique, une approche de l'utilisation des cartes centrée sur l'humain. Nous concluons qu'il existe des relations inhérentes entre ces sujets et que chacun d'entre eux influence l'ensemble du processus de communication cartographique et que chacun a un impact sur la définition du ‘contexte’.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

David Fairbairn

David Fairbairn, previous Secretary-General & Treasurer of the International Cartographic Association (2007–2011), is a visiting fellow in the School of Engineering, Newcastle University.

Georg Gartner

Georg Gartner, President of the International Cartographic Association (2011–2015), is Chair of Cartography at the Technical University of Vienna.

Michael Peterson

Michael Peterson, professor in the University of Nebraska (Omaha), is the author and editor of many books on cartography, including Interactive and Animated Cartography (1995), Maps and the Internet (2003), Multimedia Cartography (2006), and Mapping in the Cloud (2014).

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