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Articles

Human-Induced Resource Scarcity in the Colorado River Basin and Its Implications for Water Supply and the Environment in the Mexicali Valley Transboundary Aquifer

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Pages 1172-1189 | Received 30 Nov 2021, Accepted 16 Nov 2022, Published online: 02 Mar 2023
 

Abstract

The Colorado River delta is a sedimentary alluvial formation that embodies the Lower Colorado River transboundary aquifer. The Mexicali Valley overlies the Mexican part of the aquifer, and the Imperial Valley the aquifer’s portion north of the Mexico–U.S. border. Mexico receives an annual water allocation from the Colorado River stipulated by an international treaty between Mexico and the United States. The Colorado River water allocation to Mexico is shared by farmers in the Mexicali Valley and by several border cities, rural communities, and industries in the northern region of the State of Baja California. Farmers withdraw groundwater from the Mexicali Valley’s aquifer to make up for insufficient Colorado River water to grow their crops. Groundwater withdrawal has created overdraft of the Mexicali Valley aquifer with associated adverse impacts: sea water intrusion, declining groundwater levels, upwelling of brackish groundwater, land subsidence, degradation of groundwater-dependent ecosystems, and emigration of displaced farmers. This article reviews the natural and human histories in the Colorado River basin and the Mexicali Valley, and presents a methodology applying remote sensing, geographic information analysis, and hydrologic analysis to calculate the annual water deficit in the Mexicali Valley. Finally, this work evaluates the valley’s annual water deficit in reference to current agricultural and socioeconomic trends observed in the study region. Aquifer and related environmental degradation have adversely affected small-scale farming and exacerbated demographic instability.

科罗拉多河三角洲是沉积冲积地层, 包括科罗拉多河下游的跨国含水层。墨西卡利河谷覆盖了含水层的墨西哥部分, 帝国河谷则覆盖了美国—墨西哥边境以北的含水层。根据美墨国际条约, 墨西哥每年从科罗拉多河获得水资源。墨西卡利河谷的农民以及下加利福尼亚州北部的边境城市、农村社区和工业, 共享科罗拉多河流至墨西哥的水资源。为了种植农作物, 农民们从墨西卡利河谷含水层抽取地下水, 以弥补科罗拉多河水的不足。地下水开采造成墨西卡利河谷含水层的过度开采, 其负面影响包括:海水入侵、地下水位下降、地下咸水上升、地面沉降、地下水生态系统退化以及农民迁离。本文回顾了科罗拉多河流域和墨西卡利河谷的自然人文历史, 提出用遥感、地理信息分析和水文分析计算墨西卡利河谷年缺水量的方法。最后, 以研究区内农业和社会经济趋势为参照, 对河谷年缺水量进行了评估。含水层和环境的退化, 对小型农业产生了不利影响并加剧了人口不稳定。

El delta del Río Colorado es una formación aluvial sedimentaria que engloba el acuífero transfronterizo de la parte baja de esa corriente. El Valle de Mexicali cubre la parte mejicana del acuífero, en tanto que el Valle Imperial cubre la porción septentrional del acuífero situada al norte de la frontera entre México y EE.UU. México recibe una cuota anual de agua del Río Colorado estipulada mediante tratado internacional entre los dos países. La asignación de agua del Río Colorado para México se comparte entre los agricultores del Valle de Mexicali y varias ciudades fronterizas, comunidades rurales e industrias de la región norte del Estado de Baja California. Los agricultores extraen agua subterránea del acuífero del Valle de Mexicali para suplir la insuficiencia de agua del río para sus cultivos. La extracción de agua subterránea haa llevado a la sobreexplotación del acuífero del Valle de Mexicali, con adversos impactos: intrusión de agua marina, descenso de nivel freático, afloramiento de agua subterránea salobre, subsidencia del suelo, degradación de los ecosistemas asociados con el agua subterránea y emigración de los agricultores desplazados. Este artículo revisa la historia natural y humana de la cuenca del Río Colorado y del Valle de Mexicali, y presenta una metodología que aplica percepción remota, análisis de información geográfica y análisis hidrológico, para calcular el déficit hídrico anual del Valle de Mexicali. Por último, este trabajo evalúa el déficit anual de agua del Valle, con referencia a las actuales tendencias socioeconómicas y agrícolas observadas en la región estudiada. El acuífero y la degradación ambiental relacionada han afectado adversamente la agricultura de pequeña escala y exacerbado la inestabilidad demográfica.

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Additional information

Funding

Javier Rubio-Velázquez received support from a doctoral fellowship from the Government of Mexico and from block grants from the University of California.

Notes on contributors

Javier Rubio-Velázquez

JAVIER RUBIO-VELÁZQUEZ is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93016. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include GIScience and its applications to hydrology.

Hugo A. Loaiciga

HUGO A. LOAICIGA is a Professor in the Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106. E-mail: [email protected] His research interests include the water–food–energy nexus and hydrologic systems.

David Lopez-Carr

DAVID LOPEZ-CARR is a Professor in the Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106. E-mail: [email protected]. His research interests include demography, environmental and climate change, and sustainability.

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