ABSTRACT
Cancer was ranked second cause of death by WHO in 2018. Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy individually or in combination are less effective when cancer has started its metastasis. Chemotherapy; a first line of therapy goes sometimes with fatal side-effects like killing normal fast-growing cells; a limitation of its use. Recently, immunotherapy has gained public attention. However, due to requirements in sophisticated equipment and intensive knowledge in other immunotherapy types, immune-modulation gained preference. Many natural bioactive compounds can work as immunomodulators. This paper collected immunomodulating activities of extracts and bioactive compounds of P. genus against cancer, providing a theoretical resource for ginseng-based anti-cancer immunotherapeutic research.
Declaration of interest
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
List of abbreviations and acronyms
OH: Hydroxyl radical
5FU:5 Fluorouracil
Bcl-XL: B cell lymphoma-extra large
C: carbon
C-20: Carbon 20
C-3: Carbon 3
C-6: Carbon 6
cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CCL2: c-c motif ligand 2
CCL28:c-c motif ligand 28
CCl5: Chemokine ligand 5
CD8+ T: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte.
C-FLIP: Cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein
CHK1: Checkpoint kinase 1gene
CHK2: Checkpoint kinase 1gene
Ck: Ginsenoside Compound K
ConA: Concanavalin A
CT26: a murine colorectal carcinoma cell line
CXCL1:Cxcl1 gene
CXCL10:C-X-C motif ligand 10
CXCL9:C-X-C motif ligand 9
DCs: Dendritic cells
DNA: Deoxy-ribonucleic acid
F1: Ginsenoside F1
FCγR Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A
FLT3L: FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand
GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GPS: Ginseng polysaccharide.
H2Ax: H2Ax gene
HIF-1a: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
HOCl.: Hydrochloric radical.
IBD: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
IFN-γ Interferon Gamma
IL-1: Interleukin-1
IL-10: Interleukin-10
IL-12: Interleukin-12
IL-1α: Interleukin-1α
IL-23: Interleukin-23
IL-35: Interleukin-35
IL-6: Interleukin-6
iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase
IP-10: IFN-γinducible protein-10 (also CCL10)
JAK2/STAT3: Janus kinases-2 signal transducer and activator of transcription −3 pathway
LLC: Lewis lung carcinoma
LOX: Lysyl oxidase
LPS: Lipopolysaccahride
MCP-1: monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (also CCL2)
MCs: Mast cells.
MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
MHC-1:Major Histocompatibility class 1
MHC-2: Major Histocompatibility class 2
MiR-146a: MicroRNA-146a
MMP-1: Matrix metalloproteinase-1
MMP-14: Matrix metalloproteinase-14
MMP-2: Matrix metalloproteinase-2
MMP-3: Matrix metalloproteinase-3
MMP-7: Matrix metalloproteinase-7
MMP-9: Matrix metalloproteinase-9
NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NFĸB: Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells
NK: Natural killer cells
O−2: Superoxide anion
OH: Hydroxyl
ONOO−: Peroxinitrite
P47 Phox: Neutrophile cytosol factor 1
P58 MAPK: P 58 mitogen activated protein kinase
P67 Phox: Neutrophil cytosol factor 2
PD-1: Programmed cell death protein-1
PDL-1: Programmed death-ligand 1
PGE2: Prostaglandin E2
PGHS-2: Prostaglandin G/H Synthase Isoenzyme 2
R6: Ginsenoside R6
Raw264.7: balb/c mice derived macrophage-like cell line
Rb1: Ginsenoside Rb1
Rb2: Ginsenoside Rb1
Rc: Ginsenoside Rbc
Rd: Ginsenoside Rd
Re: Ginsenoside Re
Rf: Ginsenoside Rf
Rg: Ginsenoside Rg
RG: Red ginseng
Rg1: Ginsenoside Rg1
Rg2: Ginsenoside Rg2
Rh: Ginsenoside Rh
Rh2: Ginsenoside Rh2
Rh3: Ginsenoside Rh3
RIP2: Receptor interacting protein kinase 2
RNA: Ribonucleic acid
ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species
RP1: Retinitis pigmentosa 1
STAT-3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
TGF-α: Transforming growth factor-α
TGF-α ransforming growth factor-beta 1
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α
uPa: Urokinase receptor
VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.
WHO: World Health Organization
itric oxide.