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Research Papers

The first interview: Anxieties and research on initiating psychoanalysis

Pages 637-657 | Accepted 19 Nov 2013, Published online: 31 Dec 2017
 

Abstract

A qualitative clinical study of preliminary interviews by the Working Party on Initiating Psychoanalysis () of the European Psychoanalytic Federation suggests that the unconscious dynamics in first interviews are extraordinarily powerful and that they give rise to deep unconscious anxieties in both patient and analyst, with the corresponding defences against them. Furthermore, the group dynamics observed in the clinical workshops and in the research team doing the study suggest that both the anxieties and the defences are conveyed to these groups in the form of unelaborated ‘session residues’ provoking renewed anxieties and defences in them. These findings contribute to our understanding of what goes on in first interviews, but also raise interesting questions about the psychoanalytic research process in psychoanalysis and how confrontation with the unknown is dealt with in that context. Rather than as a means to avoid anxiety, method in clinical research can be seen as a way to help the research group to contain its reactions and to tolerate them until the group finds its way to further elaboration. These points are illustrated with a clinical case drawn from the study.

Translations of summary

Das Erstgespräch: Ängste und die Erforschung der Aufnahme von Psychoanalysen

Eine von der Working Party on Initiating Psychoanalysis () der Europäischen Psychoanalytischen Föderation durchgeführte qualitative klinische Studie über Erstgespräche legt die Vermutung nahe, dass die unbewusste Dynamik in Erstgesprächen außerordentlich intensiv ist und tiefe unbewusste Ängste sowohl im Patienten als auch im Analytiker weckt, gegen die eine entsprechende Abwehr mobilisiert wird. Darüber hinaus lässt die Gruppendynamik, die in den klinischen Workshops und in dem Forschungsteam, das die Studie durchführte, beobachtet wurde, vermuten, dass sowohl die Ängste als auch die Abwehrmechanismen den Gruppen in Form unbearbeiteter „Sitzungsreste” vermittelt wurden und in ihnen ebenfalls Ängste und Abwehrmechanismen aktivierten. Diese Ergebnisse bereichern unser Verständnis dessen, was in Erstgesprächen geschieht; sie werfen aber auch interessante Fragen bezüglich des psychoanalytischen Forschungsprozesses in der Psychoanalyse und der Art und Weise, wie die Konfrontation mit dem Unbekannten in diesem Kontext gehandhabt wird, auf. Statt als Möglichkeit zur Vermeidung von Angst kann Methode in der klinischen Forschung als Möglichkeit verstanden werden, der Forschungsgruppe zu helfen, ihre Reaktionen zu containen und zu tolerieren, bis die Gruppe in der Lage ist, sie weitergehend zu bearbeiten. Ein klinischer Fall aus der Studie illustriert diese Punkte.

La primera entrevista: angustias e investigación en los comienzos del psicoanálisis

Un estudio clínico cualitativo de las entrevistas preliminares realizado por el Working Party on Initiating Psychoanalysis () de la Federación Europea de Psicoanálisis sugiere que las dinámicas inconscientes en las primeras entrevistas son extraordinariamente ponderosas y dan lugar a profundas ansiedades inconscientes tanto en el analista como en el paciente, con las consiguientes defensas contra ellas. Además, las dinámicas de grupo observadas en los talleres clínicos y en los equipos de investigación que realiza el estudio sugieren que tanto las ansiedades como las defensas se transmiten a estos grupos en la forma de ‘residuos de sesiones’ no elaborados que provocan nuevamente ansiedad y defensas en ellos. Estos descubrimientos contribuyen a nuestra comprensión sobre qué es lo que ocurre en las primeras entrevistas, pero también ponen de relieve interesantes preguntas sobre los procesos de investigación psicoanalíticos en psicoanálisis y en cómo se enfrenta la confrontación con lo desconocido en este contexto. Más que como un medio de evitar la ansiedad, el método de investigación clínica puede ser considerado como un modo de ayudar al grupo de investigación a contener sus reacciones y a tolerarlas hasta que el grupo encuentre el modo de llevar la elaboración adelante. Estos puntos se ilustran con un caso clínico tomado de este estudio.

Le premier entretien: angoisses et recherche relatives à la mise en route d'une cure analytique

Il ressort de l'étude clinique qualitative des entretiens préliminaires menée par le Working Party on Initiating Psychoanalysis () de la Fédération européenne de psychanalyse, que la force exercée par la dynamique inconsciente des premiers entretiens est extrêmement puissante et que cette dynamique fait surgir chez le patient comme chez l'analyste des angoisses inconscientes profondes ainsi que les défenses qui leur sont associées. De plus, la dynamique de groupe à l'œuvre au sein des ateliers cliniques et de l'équipe de recherche donne à entendre que toutes ces angoisses et ces défenses s'expriment dans ces groupes sous la forme de « résidus de séance » non élaborés, qui suscitent à leur tour des angoisses et des défenses accrues. Ces résultats permettent non seulement d'élargir notre compréhension de ce qui se joue dans les premiers entretiens, mais également de soulever des questions intéressantes sur le processus de recherche dans le champ de la psychanalyse et la façon dont la confrontation avec l'inconnu opère sur ce terrain‐là. Plutôt que de considérer que la méthode dans le domaine de la recherche clinique constitue un moyen d'éviter l'angoisse, on peut l'envisager comme une manière d'aider le groupe de recherche à contenir ses réactions et à les tolérer jusqu'à temps que le groupe puisse trouver la façon de les élaborer.

Il primo colloquio: ansia e ricerca sull'avvio dell'analisi

Uno studio clinico qualitativo sui colloqui analitici preliminari condotto dal Gruppo di Studio sull'Avvio delle Psicoanalisi della European Psychoanalytic Federation [Working Party on Initiating Psychoanalysis, ] indica come le dinamiche inconsce che caratterizzano i primi incontri siano straordinariamente forti e capaci di creare profonde ansie inconsce tanto nel paziente quanto nell'analista – ansie a cui si accompagnano le relative difese. Le dinamiche di gruppo osservate nei workshop clinici, come pure nel gruppo stesso che ha condotto la ricerca, suggeriscono inoltre che sia le ansie sia le difese fanno il loro ingresso nei gruppi sotto forma di ‘residui non elaborati della seduta’, scatenando al loro interno ulteriori ansie e difese. Questa scoperta contribuisce non solo ad accrescere la nostra comprensione di ciò che accade nei primi colloqui, ma solleva anche una serie di interessanti questioni circa la natura del processo di ricerca in psicoanalisi, oltre che sui diversi modi in cui il trovarsi ad affrontare l'ignoto viene gestito emotivamente in quello specifico contesto. Piuttosto che come un mezzo per evitare l'ansia, l'uso del metodo nella ricerca clinica può essere visto come un modo per aiutare il gruppo di ricerca a contenere le proprie reazioni e a tollerarle finché il gruppo non trova la strada che lo condurrà a poterle ulteriormente elaborare. I diversi punti che fanno da base a questa argomentazione vengono illustrati nell'articolo attraverso un caso clinico preso dallo studio del gruppo di ricerca.

Notes

1. Present WPIP members are: John Boots (Australia), Penelope Crick (United Kingdom), Alain Gibeault (France), Ronny Jaffe (Italy), Sven Lagerlöf (Sweden), Mette Møller (Denmark), Bernard Reith, Chair (Switzerland), Elisabeth Skale (Austria) and Rudi Vermote (Belgium).

2. I also wish to thank the many colleagues in the British Psychoanalytic Society, the Bremer Psychoanalytische Vereinigung and the Sigmund‐Freud Zentrum Bern, whose discussions have helped me to improve previous versions of this paper.

3. We are particularly grateful to the presenters who have shared their clinical material with the WPIP workshops and allowed the WPIP team to use it for later re‐analysis, and granted permission to use extracts from it as illustrations for publication. Appropriate measures were taken with these analysts to protect the confidentiality of the patients before presentation of the material and again before publication.

4. We are indebted to the Developing Psychoanalytic Practice and Training program (DPPT) of the IPA, which helped to fund the WPIP conjointly with the EPF until 2007, and to the Council and Executive of the EPF, for their unfailing support since 2008.

5. We studied a total of 38 workshop cases. Eight of these were used to test and refine the methods of Phases 1 and 2; two more had to be rejected because they did not meet the inclusion criteria (one was seen when the analyst was still unqualified, and the other concerned the first sessions of an analysis that had already been decided). (Seven more workshops were held for their experiential value as a public service at conferences, but were not planned to be included in the complete study procedure because of the WPIP team's limited capacities.)

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