A Short Sequence within Two Purine-Rich Enhancers Determines 5′ Splice Site Specificity

ABSTRACT

Purine-rich enhancers are exon sequences that promote inclusion of alternative exons, usually via activation of weak upstream 3′ splice sites. A recently described purine-rich enhancer from the caldesmon gene has an additional activity by which it directs selection of competing 5′ splice sites within an alternative exon. In this study, we have compared the caldesmon enhancer with another purine-rich enhancer from the chicken cardiac troponin T (cTNT) gene for the ability to regulate flanking splice sites. Although similar in sequence and length, the two enhancers demonstrated strikingly different specificities towards 5′ splice site choice when placed between competing 5′ splice sites in an internal exon. The 32-nucleotide caldesmon enhancer caused effective usage of the exon-internal 5′ splice site, whereas the 30-nucleotide cTNT enhancer caused effective usage of the exon-terminal 5′ splice site. Both enhancer-mediated splicing pathways represented modulation of the default pathway in which both 5′ splice sites were utilized. Each enhancer is multipartite, consisting of two purine-rich sequences of a simple (GAR) _n repeat interdigitated with two enhancer-specific sequences. The entire enhancer was necessary for maximal splice site selectivity; however, a 5- to 7-nucleotide region from the 3′ end of each enhancer dictated splice site selectivity. Mutations that interchanged this short region of the two enhancers switched specificity. The portion of the cTNT enhancer determinative for 5′ splice site selectivity was different than that shown to be maximally important for activation of a 3′ splice site, suggesting that enhancer environment can have a major impact on activity. These results are the first indication that individual purine-rich enhancers can differentiate between flanking splice sites. Furthermore, localization of the specificity of splice site choice to a short region within both enhancers indicates that subtle differences in enhancer sequence can have profound effects on the splicing pathway.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank R. Sierra for technical assistance.

This research was supported by the American Cancer Society (T.A.C.) and by PHS grant GM38526 and the Robert A. Welch Foundation (S.M.B.). T.A.C. is an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association.