Activation of a Delayed-Early Gene Encoding MHR3 by the Ecdysone Receptor Heterodimer EcR-B1–USP-1 but Not by EcR-B1–USP-2

Abstract

MHR3, a homolog of the retinoid orphan receptor (ROR), is a transcription factor in the nuclear hormone receptor family that is induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in the epidermis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Its 2.7-kb 5′ flanking region was found to contain four putative ecdysone receptor response elements (EcREs) and a monomeric (GGGTCA) nuclear receptor binding site. Activation of this promoter fused to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter by 2 μg of 20E per ml in Manduca GV1 cells was similar to that of endogenous MHR3, with detectable CAT by 3 h. When the ecdysone receptor B1 (EcR-B1) and Ultraspiracle 1 (USP-1) were expressed at high levels under the control of a constitutive promoter, CAT levels after a 3-h exposure to 20E increased two- to sixfold. In contrast, high expression of EcR-B1 and USP-2 caused little increase in CAT levels in response to 20E. Moreover, expression of USP-2 prevented activation by EcR-B1–USP-1. Deletion experiments showed that the upstream region, including the three most proximal putative EcREs, was responsible for most of the 20E activation, with the EcRE3 at −671 and the adjacent GGGTCA being most critical. The EcRE1 at −342 was necessary but not sufficient for the activational response but was the only one of the three putative EcREs to bind the EcR-B1–USP-1 complex in gel mobility shift assays and was responsible for the silencing action of EcR-B1–USP-1 in the absence of hormone. EcRE2 and EcRE3 each specifically bound other protein(s) in the cell extract, but not EcR and USP, and so are not EcREs in this cellular context. When cell extracts were used, the EcR-B1–USP-2 heterodimer showed no binding to EcRE1, and the presence of excess USP-2 prevented the binding of EcR-B1–USP-1 to this element. In contrast, in vitro-transcribed-translated USP-1 and USP-2 both formed heterodimeric complexes with EcR-B1 that bound ponasterone A with the same K_d (7 × 10⁻¹⁰ M) and bound to both EcRE1 and heat shock protein 27 EcRE. Thus, factors present in the cell extract appear to modulate the differential actions of the two USP isoforms.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Paul Friesen for the gift of the pIE1^hr/PA expression vector, Fotis Kafatos for the gift of the USP antibody, and James Truman and Peter Cherbas for a critical reading of the manuscript.

The work was supported by a grant from NIH AI12459. Que Lan was supported by a fellowship from the American Cancer Society, and Kiyoshi Hiruma was supported by a grant from the USDA (97-35302-4433).