The Androgen Receptor Amino-Terminal Domain Plays a Key Role in p160 Coactivator-Stimulated Gene Transcription

Abstract

Steroid receptors are conditional transcription factors that, upon binding to their response elements, regulate the expression of target genes via direct protein interactions with transcriptional coactivators. We have analyzed the functional interactions between the androgen receptor (AR) and 160-kDa nuclear receptor coactivators. Upon overexpression in mammalian cells, these coactivators enhance the transcriptional activity of both the amino-terminal domain (NTD) and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the AR. The coactivator activity for the LBD is strictly ligand-controlled and depends on the nature of the DNA-binding domain to which it is fused. We demonstrate that the NTD physically interacts with coactivators and with the LBD and that this interaction, like the functional interaction between the LBD and p160 coactivators, relies on the activation function 2 (AF2) core domain. The mutation of a highly conserved lysine residue in the predicted helix 3 of the LBD (K720A), however, blunts the functional interaction with coactivators but not with the NTD. Moreover, this mutation does not affect the transcriptional activity of the full-size AR. A mutation in the NTD of activation function AF1a (I182A/L183A), which dramatically impairs the activity of the AR, has no effect on the intrinsic transcriptional activity of the NTD but interferes with the cooperation between the NTD and the LBD. Finally, p160 proteins in which the three LXXLL motifs are mutated retain most of their coactivator activity for the full-size AR, although they are no longer functional for the isolated LBD. Together, these data suggest that in the native AR the efficient recruitment of coactivators requires a functional association of the NTD with the LBD and that the binding of coactivators occurs primarily through the NTD.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank A. O. Brinkmann, H. Gronemeyer, M. G. Parker, S. Plaisance, and H. Stunnenberg for the generous gifts of plasmids; R. Bollen and H. De Bruyn for excellent technical assistance; and V. Feytons for the expert synthesis of oligonucleotides.

This work was supported by a grant from Geconcerteerde Onderzoeksactie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap, by grants from the Belgian Fonds voor Geneeskundig Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, and by a grant from the Interuniversity Poles of Attraction Programme, Belgian State, Prime Minister’s Office, Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs. F.C. is a Senior Research Assistant of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (Belgium).