Sequences Flanking Hypersensitive Sites of the β-Globin Locus Control Region Are Required for Synergistic Enhancement

Abstract

The major distal regulatory sequence for the β-globin gene locus, the locus control region (LCR), is composed of multiple hypersensitive sites (HSs). Different models for LCR function postulate that the HSs act either independently or synergistically. To test these possibilities, we have constructed a series of expression cassettes in which the gene encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is under the control of DNA fragments containing single and multiple HSs of the LCR. LCR DNA fragments containing only the minimal region needed for position-independent expression (HS cores) or containing cores plus flanking sequences (HS units) were compared to ascertain whether conserved sequences between the HS cores contributed to enhancement. Expression of these constructs was measured after targeted integration into three defined loci in murine erythroleukemia cells using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. At all three marked loci, synergistic enhancement of expression was observed in cassettes containing a combination of HS2, HS3, and HS4 units. In contrast, HS2, HS3, and HS4 cores (without flanking sequences) give an activity equivalent to the sum of the activities of the individual HS cores. These data suggest a model in which an HS core plus flanking regions, bound by specific proteins, forms a structure needed for interaction with other HS units to confer strong enhancement by the LCR. The three targeted integration sites differ substantially in their permissivity for expression, but even the largest LCR construct tested could not overcome these position effects to confer equal expression at all three sites.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Plasmids containing mLAR, a fragment spanning the region including HS5 through HS2, and the linked cores of HS2, HS3, and HS4 were generously provided by Mark Groudine, Tim Townes, and Michel Sadelain, respectively.

This work was supported by NIH grants DK27635 (to R.H.), LM05110/HG02238 (to W.M.), and HL38655 and HL554350 (to E.B.). J.M. is supported partly by the South Africa National Research Foundation.