Overexpression of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Is Associated with Lipid Dysregulation and Insulin Resistance in Obesity

Abstract

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) produces cellular NADPH, which is required for the biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol. Although G6PD is required for lipogenesis, it is poorly understood whether G6PD in adipocytes is involved in energy homeostasis, such as lipid and glucose metabolism. We report here that G6PD plays a role in adipogenesis and that its increase is tightly associated with the dysregulation of lipid metabolism and insulin resistance in obesity. We observed that the enzymatic activity and expression levels of G6PD were significantly elevated in white adipose tissues of obese models, including db/db, ob/ob, and diet-induced obesity mice. In 3T3-L1 cells, G6PD overexpression stimulated the expression of most adipocyte marker genes and elevated the levels of cellular free fatty acids, triglyceride, and FFA release. Consistently, G6PD knockdown via small interfering RNA attenuated adipocyte differentiation with less lipid droplet accumulation. Surprisingly, the expression of certain adipocytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha and resistin was increased, whereas that of adiponectin was decreased in G6PD overexpressed adipocytes. In accordance with these results, overexpression of G6PD impaired insulin signaling and suppressed insulin-dependent glucose uptake in adipocytes. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that aberrant increase of G6PD in obese and/or diabetic subjects would alter lipid metabolism and adipocytokine expression, thereby resulting in failure of lipid homeostasis and insulin resistance in adipocytes.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Thomas Lee and Jun-Jae Chung for critically reading the manuscript.

This study was supported in part by grants from Stem Cell Research Center of the 21st Century Frontier Research Program, the Molecular and Cellular Biodiscovery Research Program, and the National Research Laboratory Program of Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning. J.P., H.K.R., K.H.K., S.S.C., Y.S.L., and J.B.K. are supported by the BK21 Research Fellowship from the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development.