Constant training in direct ophthalmoscopy

Dear editor

We read with great interest the review by Ricci and Ferraz on the advances in training and practice in ophthalmoscopy simulation.¹

As final year medical students, we have recently experienced direct ophthalmoscopy teaching and agree with the authors that “simulation is a helpful tool in ophthalmoscopy training”.¹ Indeed, in our experience, simulation is useful in teaching a wide variety of clinical skills including venepuncture, intravenous cannulation, and catheterization. We were taught all of these clinical skills in our first clinical year of study through use of simulation models. With regards to our direct ophthalmoscopy teaching, we were first taught to recognize the normal retina and different retinal pathologies using images, before practicing our technique and recognition of those images in a model similar to the THELMA (The Human Eye Learning Model Assistant) described by the authors.¹

However, we feel that the use of simulation models alone is not enough to provide confidence and competency in direct ophthalmoscopy among medical students. The authors conclude that “constant training is a well-known strategy for skill enhancement”,¹ and we have found that a lack of constant training in direct ophthalmoscopy is evident. After learning venepuncture, cannulation, and catheterization on the simulation models, we were able to observe doctors performing these skills before performing them on patients either in the wards or in theatre. These are skills that we are constantly trained in across a wide variety of medical and surgical attachments. However, opportunities to observe and practice ophthalmoscopy during our attachments are more limited, and thus we are not continuing to use the skills we learn.

Ophthalmoscopy is an underperformed clinical examination; Dalay et al found that ophthalmoscopy was often not performed in many cases where it would have provided a useful diagnostic tool.² This means that students have fewer opportunities to observe the examination in a clinical setting. This is a difficult problem to overcome in the short term; however, increased postgraduate training in the importance of the examination and in ophthalmoscopy techniques has been suggested as long-term solutions.²

Secondly, it is often difficult to find a working ophthalmoscope in an inpatient ward limiting opportunities for students to practice on patients. We suggest that medical education departments in hospitals should lend ophthalmoscopes to students in order to allow them to practice on patients.

Gupta and Lam found that a large proportion of medical students were not confident in various aspects of direct ophthalmoscopy and that self-confidence was significantly greater among students who practiced outside of formal teaching sessions.³ This supports our conclusion that although simulation models are useful the extent is limited, and students need to be encouraged to seize opportunities to practice on patients.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this communication.

Authors’ replyCorrespondence: Lucas Holderegger Ricci, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Laureate International Universities, Rua Doutor Almeida Lima, 1.134, São Paulo, SP 03164–000, Brazil, Email [email protected]

Dear editor

We are delighted to see that our review on ophthalmoscopy simulation prompted a new discussion about the need for practice on real patients. As presented in our review, simulated training should be implemented with criteria as it can override patient safety protocols and individual comfort. Further, ophthalmoscopy remains an individual exam, since it is difficult for an outsider to evaluate examiner’s techniques, field position, and correct anatomic identification. Although we mention new devices that allow simultaneous external evaluation, these seem to be not yet widely available.

Many students prefer to learn on real patients first, strengthening specific components after on a training device. Unfortunately, the art of ophthalmoscopy is quite vast, and even trained ophthalmologists still confront new findings throughout their career. Nevertheless, simulation appears to be effective in covering basic training and understanding, allowing students and young physicians to take each step individually and to advance according to their own confidence and interest. We welcome the suggestion given by Helen et al and we agree that simulation and real-patient practice must walk together, as either of these should never replace the other.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this communication.