Abstract
Background
Every year nearly 1,500 students enter into medical program after passing high school and national aptitude exams. However, many students experience frustration, failure, and psychological morbidities like stress, depression, and anxiety because they are not aware of their learning styles or do not have effective learning skills and strategies. The College of Medicine of Al-Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University has adopted the outcome based, community oriented, Spiral Curriculum. Although the curriculum is innovative, on the other hand, it is very demanding.
Objective
The purpose of this paper is to share educational structure and evaluation results of the course on effective learning and study skills for the 1st year medical students.
Methods
To prepare our students in order to cope with this demanding but promising curriculum, we conducted an effective and comprehensive learning skills course for 16 weeks in the first semester of year 1 in the medical program. Performance of each student was assessed and the course evaluation was done by students at the end of the course.
Results
The attendance of the students throughout the course was over 90%. The average performance of students in the summative assessment was 78% and the course was generally liked by the students.
Discussion
Students overall had a positive attitude toward the learning skills course. Majority of the students showed interest in attending the sessions regularly and realized the significance of this course to improve their learning skills.
Introduction
A lot has been written on the transition of students from high school to 1st year medical education.Citation1–Citation3 It can be difficult for students because of the dramatic increase in the volume of content. Furthermore, today’s medical students represent a broad spectrum in terms of age, experience, culture, ethnicity, and level of preparedness as well as learning preferences and styles.Citation4,Citation5 It is not coming as a surprise to serious students that the process of learning itself must be learned. However, after years of formal schooling, many students enter higher education and graduate programs without having mastered these fundamental skills. When they start a professional medical program and are propelled into a more active learner mode, understanding of these fundamentals become vital.Citation6 Many medical students quickly realize that they need to assimilate considerable new information during their studies especially with the need for evidence-based practice and grasping exponential increase in the relevant new information, and they need to develop skills for lifelong learning and keeping their knowledge updated. Those students who fail to realize that, face difficulty in coping with the demand of the program and come under huge academic pressure, resulting in their poor academic performance.Citation7
A huge number of published studies from different parts of the world show that there is a high prevalence of psychological morbidity like anxiety, stress, and depression among the undergraduate medical students.Citation8,Citation9 In 2011, very high prevalence of stress among females and males was reported, 75.7% and 57% respectively, in one of the medical school of Saudi Arabia.Citation10 Sometimes, coping strategies adopted by the students worsen the situation. There are some studies which examined the coping strategies of undergraduate medical students with stress. Results of these studies show that some students adopted coping strategies like sports, music, and hanging out with friends. On the other hand some students started to use tobacco, drugs, and alcohol in order to cope with the stress.Citation11,Citation12 The studies have classified the sources of stress into three main areas: academic pressures, social issues, and financial problems but academic pressure has been pointed out as a key source of stress.Citation13 In addition to educating in a professional medical course it is also important to take into account the quality of life of the students during the years of medical training which is related to long study hours, lack of peer support, competitive environment, rigid authoritative and non-encouraging faculty, an imbalance between professional and personal lives, lack of recreational activities, staying away from home, financial problems, an uncertain future, emergency situations, speedy decisions, mismatch between capability and expectation, etc.Citation14
Whatever the reasons, it is a well-known fact that the transition from high school to medical school is a difficult period which often results in frustration and poor academic performance in their medical program. Mostly, it is not because they lack ability but because they are not aware of their learning styles or do not have effective learning skills and strategies. Though some medical schools have a system of student counseling and other supporting programs there is still a scarcity of properly structured courses on learning skills.Citation15
The objective of the study is to share our experience of conducting a learning skills course for 1st year medical students describing the conceptual framework, content, instructional strategy and assessment of the course, and the feedback from the students. This course was conducted with the aim to improve learning skills of students so they can overcome the challenges they may face during their medical program.
Methods
The learning skills course was conducted at the College of Medicine at Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The undergraduate medical curriculum at this university is outcome based, integrated, problem based, and community oriented. The curriculum features a spiral approach that reinforces key topics by revisiting them in different contexts with increasing sophistication throughout the year. Some aspects of the past are also explored in increasing detail at a number of levels. Since this school has adopted the spiral approach, the knowledge and skills of the students are growing with the growth of the curriculum. The objective of the medical program at this school is to shift educational emphasis from the learning of the facts to teaching students the skills that they will need to be an effective lifelong learner.
The undergraduate curriculum in 1st year (consists of two semesters each), is included in the preclinical phase and consists of seven longitudinal courses running throughout the semester that spans 16 weeks. Along with these longitudinal courses there are four blocks for a limited number of weeks using problem-based learning (PBL) as a major instructional method. The longitudinal courses are: Human Body I, Human Body II, Communication Skills, Islamic Studies, History of Medicine, Quran, and Learning Skills. The problem-based blocks in 1st year are: Growth and Development, Principle of Diseases I, Principle of Diseases II, and Molecular Basis of Diseases. The learning skills course is offered in the first semester of 1st year medical program.
The course was designed to achieve some of the competencies listed in the Saudi Meds Framework such as teamwork and inter-professional collaboration, clinical reasoning and decision making, communication skills, professionalism, leadership, information technology, and research. A planning committee was formulated to design the course. The aim of the course was defined first. In order to achieve the aim of the course, general learning outcomes were identified. These general outcomes were further elaborated by identifying the specific learning outcomes. To achieve the learning outcomes instructional activities were designed. The course was composed of 14 interactive sessions, once a week in the semester, each for 2 hours. Out of the 14 sessions, eight were interactive sessions, four were seminars, and two were large group exercises (). Six out of the eight interactive tutorial sessions were conducted by in-house faculty members and for the remaining two local experts were invited. Seminars were presented by the students in groups which were formed at the start of the semester. An expert was appointed for each seminar session to supervise the seminar groups in order to facilitate the students in identifying the learning outcomes and required resource to prepare the seminar topic. For two exercises, facilitators were appointed who were experts in those areas. We used short introductory presentation in order to make the students aware of the dimensions and theme of the course.
Table 1 List of activities included in the course with methods for conducting
Total number of students enrolled in the course was 128. The criterion for registration in this course was the successful completion of the preparatory year program. The study guide of the course was distributed electronically to the registered students, faculty members, and invited instructors involved in the course, 1 week prior to the start of the course. The study guide contained all required information including the course title, code, the name and contact information of course planners, aims, general and specific objectives of the course, title of the sessions with instructional methods, schedule, required references, etc.
For the purpose of the students’ assessment, 60% was given to continuous assessment which was further broken down into 50% for mid-course written exam and 10% for seminar assessment, while 40% was given to end of the course written exam. The planning committee of the course formulated a table of content specification (assessment blueprint) to ensure the validity and balance in assessment items. To assess seminar sessions, two evaluators were appointed for each session who evaluated the students independently for the quality of the content and presentation using an evaluation sheet. Then the scores were submitted to the course planner to finalize the marks scored by the student after reviewing the inter-rater reliability and rating the obtained scores. The rating scale used to grade seminar sessions was as follows:
5. Excellent: the quality has been demonstrated to an exceptional level; a professional performance; a performance well above the expected level for a student.
4. Very good: the quality has been demonstrated to a high standard; the student has reached a level which clearly exceeds “competency”.
3. Good: the quality is clearly demonstrated without being exceptional in any way; students can be thought of as being competent in respect of this quality.
2. Satisfactory: the quality has been demonstrated to a minimally acceptable level; there may be flaws but these are not serious enough to fail the student on this quality.
1. Poor: the quality is absent or performed to a very low level, or the performance is seriously flawed.
Rating scores were then entered into the final score sheet, made on a 100-point scale for pass, fail, and grading decisions. Maximum points from seminar scores were carrying 10% on 100-point scale.
The written exam consists of Type-A multiple choice questions and short essay questions selected according to the assessment blue print, generated before the start of the course. The items were reviewed vigorously by two experts for quality and validity.
The informal feedback from the students regarding the course was obtained in the middle of the course which is 8 weeks after the start of the course, while formal feedback was also obtained at the end of the course, using a questionnaire. The purpose of using a questionnaire was the evaluation of the course by the students and their opinion about each individual session which would be helpful in the planning of the same course for the next year. The questionnaire consisted of 29 Likert type rating items, regarding the educational context, content, management in conducting the course, and three open-ended questions to receive further comments. The open-ended questions regarding the general “likes”, “dislikes”, and suggestions for the improvement of the quality of the course were: “what did you like most about this course?”; “what did you dislike most about this course?”; and “what suggestions do you have to improve this course?” Responses to the items on the feedback questionnaire and open-ended questions were analyzed and noted.
Results
The attendance of the students during the whole course was more than 90%. All the sessions were conducted during the scheduled time as mentioned in the course guide book. The average score in the mid-course exam was 72.5%. The average collective score including the continuous assessment and end of the course exam was 78%.
The analysis of the course survey showed that the majority of the students stated their enjoyment of the course in general and felt that the course would be helpful in making them good doctors. Ninety-two (71.9%) out of 128 students agreed that exercises were complementary to the course and were very useful. None of the survey items has received the most popular response for the disagreement and 16.4% was the maximum percentage of the students who stated their disagreement in one of the items of the questionnaire ().
Table 2 Course evaluation survey
The other part of the questionnaire contained the title of the sessions in which students were asked to rate each session. The analysis of this questionnaire revealed that most of the sessions were rated as “excellent” or “good” while none of the sessions was rated as “useless” by more than 5% of the students. Both the exercises (process of PBL and learning styles) included in the course, received the highest rating among all sessions (). The analysis of the open-ended questions showed that 106 students mentioned their enjoyment of various aspects of the course, eg, sessions, faculty, interest in the course; 22 students mentioned their dislike of some of the aspects, eg, a specific facilitator, duration of the sessions; and 60 students stated their suggestions to improve the course in future.
Table 3 Rating of the sessions conducted during the course according to the title of session
Discussion
Medical education is a lifelong process. There is too much information and not enough time. Even along with the existing information, there is a continuous explosion of new knowledge and medical teachers are struggling to provide the maximum amount of it to their students. Often it is frustrating for teachers and students because it can actually lead to less learning if the students are not aware of the art and skills of learning. The point is not to present information but to get learners to remember and use it. So, the focus of medical education should be the learner and facilitating learning instead of inhibiting it.Citation16 However, the current system of medical education in many of the medical schools is often deficient in providing students with any or some of the skills necessary to obtain the knowledge needed.Citation17
Making studying and learning easier is possible if students are well equipped with the needed study skills. Therefore, in our undergraduate medical curriculum, we designed a compulsory course of learning skills scheduled in the first semester of the 1st year to help our students learn more effectively and to facilitate them to become a lifelong learner. Students were advised to participate in the course actively due to its importance and its beneficial effects on their medical studies during the student life and life as a professional. Informal feedback from the students was obtained during the sessions and formal feedback was taken at the end of the course.
The present article investigated the efficiency and success of the learning skills course. From the literature search we found that this course is one of the most comprehensive learning skills offered in other medical schools around the world. This course in some schools is limited to the identification of students’ individual learning styles, study skills, and approaches to learning by using inventories like learning and study strategies inventory.Citation18–Citation20 There are few published studies on this subject, a mandatory course of learning and study skills was designed in four metacognitive stages: knowledge, evaluation, planning, and monitoring. It was shown that after the training course, the students were able to apply the learning strategies and manage their learning but were unable to address the issue of motivation and professionalism.Citation21,Citation22 In the course which we have offered, many of the students clearly stated that now they know the meaning of a professional doctor and they are successfully applying the skills that they acquire in this course to other courses and they are benefiting from it. In order to evaluate the impact of the course on students, we analyzed their feedback. We found that all of the planned sessions were liked by the students and very few students gave negative comments for only few of the sessions. The success of the course was reflected by some of the remarks of the students in which they stated that the exam for this course should not be a written exam and as this course is about skills, it should be assessed by Objective Structured Clinical Exam or some other appropriate tools. These types of comments showed that our students in the first semester of the 1st year have clearly understood the philosophy of the education and they are now able to apply it.
After going through the experience of conducting this course and the analysis of the students’ feedback, we concluded that the students overall had a positive attitude toward the learning skills course. Further, this course is likely to assist 1st year undergraduate medical students in improving their learning and adaptation to their medical curriculum. On the basis of our experience and observations, and the most important component; the feedback from the students, we came up with suggestions that the use of exercises and learning inventories (eg, learning styles and the process of PBL) are very interesting and beneficial, more activities like these should be included involving students eg, seminars and exercises; interactive sessions should be the cornerstone of the course and students can be asked to construct a portfolio, upon which they can be assessed as well. Since this course is intended to develop and foster learning skills, the assessment for this course should not be done by conventional tools like written exams but the tools like Objective Structured Clinical Exam, critical appraisal or reflections.
Disclosure
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
References
- ChemersMMHuLGarciaBFAcademic self-efficacy and first year college student performance and adjustmentJournal of Educational Psychology20019315564
- DyrbyeLNThomasMRShanafeltTDMedical student distress: causes, consequences, and proposed solutionsMayo Clin Proc200580121613162216342655
- Birnie-LefcovitchSStudent perceptions of the transition from high school to university: Implications for preventative programmingJournal of the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition20001226188
- HawthorneLMinasIHSinghBA case study in the globalization of medical education: assisting overseas-born students at the University of MelbourneMed Teach200426215015915203524
- ByrdDRMcKinneyKJIndividual, interpersonal, and institutional level factors associated with the mental health of college studentsJ Am Coll Health201260318519322420695
- BeckertLWilkinsonTJSainsburyRA needs-based study and examination skills course improves students’ performanceMed Educ200337542442812709183
- WilkinsosTJGillDJFitzjohnJPalmerCLMulderRTThe impact on students of adverse experiences during medical schoolMed Teach200628212913516707293
- DyrbyeLNThomasMRHushkaMMA multicenter study of burnout, depression, and quality of life in minority and nonminority US medical studentsMayo Clin Proc200681111435144217120398
- JaffriNJaleelAStress level in medical studentsJ Coll Physicians Surg Pak201222641622630111
- AbdulghaniHMAlKanhalAAMahmoudESPonnamperumaGGAlfarisEAStress and Its Effects on Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study at a College of Medicine in Saudi ArabiaJ Health Popul Nutr201129551652222106758
- StewartSMLamTHBetsonCLWongCMWongAMA prospective analysis of stress and academic performance in the first two years of medical schoolMed Educ199933424325010336754
- VitalianoPPMaiuroRDMitchellERussoJPerceived stress in medical school: resistors, persistors, adaptors and maladaptorsSoc Sci Med19892812132113292660285
- DunnLBIglewiczAMoutierCA conceptual model of medical student well-being: promoting resilience and preventing burnoutAcad Psychiatry2008321445318270280
- BehereSPYadavRBeherePBA comparative study of stress among students of medicine, engineering, and nursingIndian J Psychol Med201133214514822345838
- McGradyABrennanJLynchDWheartyKA Wellness Program for First Year Medical StudentsAppl Psychophysiol Biofeedback201237425326022699926
- Murdoch-EatonDWhittleSGeneric skills in medical education: developing the tools for successful lifelong learningMed Educ201246112012822150203
- SimantonEHansenLLong-term retention of information across the undergraduate medical school curriculumS D Med201265726126322866346
- KolbDAExperiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and developmentNew JerseyPrentice-Hall1984
- WeinsteinCELASSI user’s manualClearwater, FLH and H Publishing Company1987
- BarschJBarsch Learning Style InventoryCaliforniaArena Press1980
- DurakHITorunSESayinerAKandilogluGDescription and Evaluation of an Innovative Learning and Study Skills for the First Year Medical StudentsTohoku J Exp Med2006210323123717077600
- HudaNBrulaAQAn introductory course on study skills forming a bridge between traditional and problem based learning (PBL)J Pak Med Assoc1999492273010513432