Abstract
Background
The effectiveness of meditative movement (tai chi, yoga, and qigong) on COPD remained unclear. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effectiveness of meditative movement on COPD patients.
Methods
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials for relevant studies. The methods of standard meta-analysis were utilized for identifying relevant researches (until August 2017), quality appraisal, and synthesis. The primary outcomes were the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), lung function, and dyspnea levels.
Results
Sixteen studies involving 1,176 COPD patients were included. When comparing with the control group, the 6MWD was significantly enhanced in the treatment group (3 months: mean difference [MD]=25.40 m, 95% CI: 16.25 to 34.54; 6 months: MD=35.75 m, 95% CI: 22.23 to 49.27), as well as functions on forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (3 months: MD=0.1L, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.18; 6 months: MD=0.18L, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.26), and FEV1 % predicted (3 months: 4L, 95% CI: 2.7 to 5.31; 6 months: MD=4.8L, 95% CI: 2.56 to 7.07). Quality of life for the group doing meditative movement was better than the control group based on the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire dyspnea score (MD=0.9 units, 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.29) and fatigue score (MD=0.75 units, 95% CI: 0.42 to 1.09) and the total score (MD=1.92 units, 95% CI: 0.54 to 3.31).
Conclusion
Meditative movement may have the potential to enhance lung function and physical activity in COPD patients. More large-scale, well-designed, multicenter, randomized controlled trials should be launched to evaluate the long-range effects of meditative movement.
Introduction
COPD is characterized by nonreversible airflow obstruction and intermittent exacerbations. It was a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.Citation1–Citation4 Despite progress in pharmacologic and surgical treatments, many patients continue to suffer from dyspnea and substantial limitations in daily activities. They are often trapped in a vicious cycle of inactivity, initiated by breathlessness.Citation5,Citation6 Rehabilitation may alleviate the symptoms, impede the deterioration of lung functions, and improve health-related quality of life among (HRQoL) COPD patients. More and more experts are beginning to realize the importance of pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients. Exercise training should be one of the vital approaches in the treatment of COPD.Citation7,Citation8
Meditative movement is proposed as a gentle exercise training and incorporates meditation, breathing, and relaxation.Citation9 Meditative movement, including forms such as tai chi, yoga, and qigong, incorporates: focus on the mind; movements, usually slow, relaxed, flowing and choreographed; a focus on breathing, and a deep and calm state of physical and mental relaxation.Citation9 tai chi is a centuries-old Chinese health practice. It involves a series of movements performed in a slow, well-balanced and focused manner, and is accompanied by deep breathing. Qigong is also an ancient Chinese exercise that include meditation, physical movement, relaxation, and breathing exercises to restore and maintain balance. Qigong is designed to control the vital energy (qi) of the body along the energy channels (meridians). Qigong combined with tai chi may keep the body, mind, and spirit in a state of alignment and balance.Citation10 Yoga originated from ancient India, and consisted of pranayama, sithali, kapalabhati, asanas, and meditation. The exercises may coordinate the individual self with the transcendental self.Citation11
Although some studies have reported that meditative movements exerted beneficial effects on COPD patients,Citation12,Citation13 its definite effectiveness remains unclear. Hence, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of meditative movement as complementary therapy for COPD patients.
Methods
Search strategy and study selection criteria
The following databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Center Register of Controlled Trials. No language restrictions were imposed. Search terms included: (Tai Chi or Taiji OR Tai Chi Chuan OR Qigong OR Qi Gong OR Chi Kung OR traditional Chinese exercise or yoga or meditative movement) AND (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease OR COPD OR chronic obstructive lung disease OR chronic obstructive airway disease OR emphysema OR chronic airflow limitation OR chronic airway obstruction). Studies were eligible for inclusion in this review if they met the following criteria: 1) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 2) used exercises training such as tai chi or qigong or tai chi combined with qigong or yoga as intervention in the experimental group; 3) included COPD patients according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease criteria; 4) used nonexercise in control groups or other physical exercise training in comparison groups.
Data extraction
Two reviewers (LLW and KXL) independently screened studies for inclusion, retrieved potentially relevant studies, and determined study eligibility. Any discrepancies were resolved by the way of consensus. The extracted information included the following: 1) the details of publication (the first author’s last name, year of publication); 2) characteristics of participants in the study (the sample size, age, and severity of disease); 3) interventions (eg, the form of intervention, exercise time, the duration and frequency of training); 4) outcome measures.
Outcome measures
The primary outcomes were 6-minute walking distance (6MWD), lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] and forced vital capacity [FVC]), dyspnea, and fatigue levels. The secondary outcomes were arterial blood gas tensions (PaCO2, PaO2) and scores from quality of life questionnaires. We categorized outcomes as short-term (1–3 months) and mid-term (6 months) follow-up. The outcomes that could not be pooled in the meta-analysis are listed in .
Table 1 Characteristics of included studies
Quality assessment
We used the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.Citation14 A low value, unclear or high-risk bias was assigned in the following domains: generation in random sequence, allocation concealment, blinding methods, incomplete data among the outcome data, selective reporting, and other biases. Two reviewers (LLW and KXL) independently appraised the quality of the included trials. Any discrepancies were resolved by consensus in the presence of a third investigator.
Statistical analysis
We undertook statistical analysis by using Cochrane systematic review software Review Manager (RevMan; Version 5.3.5). Eligible studies were analyzed using the mean and SDs to measure the change from baseline to endpoint in each intervention period. Since all outcomes were continuous variables, mean difference (MD) with 95% CIs were calculated when studies reported their results of the same variables measured with the same units of measure. I2 statistic was used to assess the heterogeneity. And random effect models were used to address variations in studies.Citation15 Meanwhile, I2 values were classified as low (0% to <25%), medium (25% to <75%), and high (≥75%).Citation16 The results were displayed as Forest plots.
Results
We retrieved a total of 1,145 references. Sixteen studies finally fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were further analyzed.Citation36–Citation51 A flow chart for the studies evaluated and the reasons for exclusion is shown in . Of the included studies, 7 evaluated yoga, 4 tai chi, 3 qigong, and 2 tai chi and qigong combined. Yoga, tai chi, and qigong were included. The exercise group used breathing and walking as a physical exercise. Breathing exercises comprised pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing.
Figure 1 Flow of study selection.
Settings
Five of these 15 studies was conducted in India (Ranjita 2015; Gupta 2014; Soni 2012; Kulpati 1982; Katiyar 2006), 2 in the USA (Yeh 2010; Donesky-Cuenco 2009), 2 in Australia (Leung 2013; Tandon 1978), 3 in Hong Kong (Chan 2010; Ng2011; Ng 2014), and the rest in other provinces in China (Zhang 2015; Xiao 2015; Niu 2014). Most studies were conducted in outpatient clinics and published between 1975 and 2015.
Study characteristics
A total of 1,176 COPD patients were included in the current study. The sizes of sample, according to statistics, ranged from 10 to 206. The patients were recruited from outpatients or health care centers. Studies were conducted in a diverse array of countries, mostly in Southeast Asia. Characteristics of the included studies were summarized in . Four articles written by Chan et alCitation52,Citation53 derived from the same study. Since the research by Chan et al had a patient population that appeared to be described in recent studiesCitation36,Citation37 of different study design, we decided to exclude the previous 2.Citation52,Citation53 All studies were published between 1990 and 2017, and the duration ranged from 12 weeks to 9 months. Most of the trials used tai chi or yoga as the experimental intervention; furthermore, 3 trials used qigongCitation38–Citation40 and 2 trialsCitation36,Citation37 used tai chi combined with qigong. All the included trials described the details involving the duration, frequencies, and session length of the interventions. The mean age ranged from 45 to 74.1 years, and the mean baseline lung function varied from 36.75% to 59.12% predicted FEV1. Disease severity ranged from mild to very severe, as reported by study authors. Five studiesCitation36–Citation38,Citation42,Citation44 recruited participants with disease severity ranging from mild to moderate; 7Citation39–Citation41,Citation43,Citation46,Citation47,Citation51 from moderate to severe; and 4Citation45,Citation48–Citation50 studies did not specify the level of severity included but provided the mean value of % predicted FEV1 and SD within the range of mild-to-severe COPD. The frequencies of training ranged from 2 to 7 sessions each week, and the time of exercise lasted 30–90 minutes per session; most common was 30–60 minutes. Yoga tended to be practised for longer and more frequently than tai chi or qigong. One trialCitation48 measured the outcomes of 2 months, 7 trialsCitation41,Citation42,Citation45–Citation47,Citation50,Citation51 measured the outcomes for 3 months, 7 trialsCitation36–Citation40,Citation43,Citation44 measured the outcomes for 6 months, and 1 trialCitation49 measured the outcomes of 9 months. The interventions in control groups were education, breathing technique, and walking combined with or without breathing technique. All participants received the usual medical treatment in addition to the experimental intervention.
Risk of bias of studies
The assessment of the included studies are shown in , which displayedCitation36–Citation51 the risk of bias. Four trials,Citation40–Citation42,Citation44 according to the recommended criteria of the Cochrane Handbook, were judged to be in low risk in bias; 10 trialsCitation36,Citation38,Citation39,Citation43,Citation45–Citation49,Citation51 were judged to be in unclear risk of bias, and 1 trialCitation50 was judged to be in high risk of bias as shown in .
Table 2 Assessment of included studies for risk of bias
Figure 2 Risk of bias summary.
Outcomes
6MWD
Meditative movement versus nonexercise
The 6MWD was significantly enhanced in the experimental group (MD 25.40 m, 95% CI: 16.25 to 34.54, P<0.00001) compared with the nonexercise group at the third month in a pooled analysis of 8 studies (n=644).Citation36,Citation38,Citation41,Citation44–Citation47,Citation51 These trials showed heterogeneity when they were pooled in a meta-analysis (P for heterogeneity=0.002, I2=68%). Four RCTs (n=455)Citation36,Citation38,Citation43,Citation44 provided information regarding 6MWD at the sixth month. Pooled analysis showed that experimental group was associated with a statistically significant improvement in 6MWD (MD 35.75 m, 95% CI: 22.23 to 49.27, P<0.00001) using a random-effects model. The results of the heterogeneity test was not significant (P for heterogeneity=0.009, I2=74%; ). The 6MWD effect size of 1 trialCitation46 was obviously lower than the other trials; furthermore, if this study was excluded, heterogeneity was markedly abated. Thus, a subgroup analysis was undertaken according to the different Style Meditative movement in the intervention.
Figure 3 (A) Forest plot of comparison: meditative movement versus nonexercise, outcome: 6-minute walk test. (B) Forest plot of comparison: meditative movement versus walking exercise, outcome: 6-minute walk test.
Meditative movement versus walking exercise
Two studies,Citation36,Citation38 involving 224 participants, estimated changes in functional capacity using the 6-minute walk test at the third month. The combined MD from 2 studies (n=224) was 15.53 m (95% CI: 11.59 to 19.48, P-value <0.00001). We detected no subgroup differences between experimental group and the exercise group (P-value=0.33, I2=0%). Four trialsCitation36,Citation38–Citation40 (n=430) estimated the effects of 6MWD on the experimental group and compared with walking exercise at 6 months. It reported that the experimental group showed an improvement in 6MWD compared with exercise group, but the difference was not significant (MD 19.36 m, 95% CI: 9.0 to 29.72, P<0.0002). The test for heterogeneity was significant (P for heterogeneity=0.0006, I2=83%; ).
Lung functions
FEV1
Meditative movement versus nonexercise
Trough FEV1 data were available in 4 trialsCitation36,Citation38,Citation44,Citation50 and in 4 trialsCitation36,Citation38,Citation43,Citation44 at 3 months and 6 months (n=489 and n=453, respectively). The differences were significant (MD 0.1L, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.18, P=0.02) at 3 months. However, the aggregate results of these studies indicated that the experimental group was in related with a significant improvement in FEV1 comparing with the nonexercise group (MD 0.18L, 95% CI: 0.1 to 0.26, P<0.00001) at 6 months. Class differences did not appear significantly different at 3 and 6 months ().
Figure 4 (A) Forest plot of comparison: meditative movement versus nonexercise, outcome: forced expiratory volume in 1 s. (B) Forest plot of comparison: meditative movement versus walking exercise, outcome: forced expiratory volume in 1 s.
Meditative movement versus walking exercise
In a pooled analysis of 2 studies (n=226)Citation36,Citation38 of experimental versus physical exercise groups, no significant difference was shown in FEV1 (MD 0.13L, 95% CI: −1.04 to 0.31, P=0.13) using a random-effects model at 3 months. For FEV1, the significant interaction effect of time by group (P for heterogeneity=0.14, I2=54%) was also observed. Again, no obvious improvement was seen at 6 months (MD 0.26L, 95% CI: −0.12 to 0.64, P=0.18). The results of the heterogeneity test was significant (P for heterogeneity=0.001, I2=91%; ).
FEV1 percent predicted normal values
Four studiesCitation38,Citation46,Citation47,Citation51 on 211 participants examined the effects of experimental group versus nonexercise on dyspnea at 3 months, using FEV1 % predicted normal values. Regarding lung function, the experimental group statistically increased FEV1 (MD 4L, 95% CI: 2.7 to 5.31, P<0.00001, P for heterogeneity=0.69, I2=0%). However, there was a trend in favor of experimental group after 24 weeks (n=279, MD 4.8L, 95% CI: 2.56 to 7.07, P<0.00001). There was no statistically significant difference in FEV1 pre% between groups (P for heterogeneity=0.60, I2=0%), as shown in .
Figure 5 Forest plot of comparison: meditative movement versus nonexercise, outcome: FEV1 percent predicted normal values.
Quality of life
Meditative movement versus nonexercise
Two studiesCitation41,Citation42 used Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) to evaluate changes in quality of life, with only 24 participants each in both the experimental group and the control group at 3 months. The MD in total score was 1.92 units (95% CI: 0.54–3.31, P-value=0.006). As to component scores, there were not statistically significant difference in mastery (95% CI: −0.49–3.62, P-value=0.14) and emotion (95% CI: −0.11–2.41, P-value=0.07) between groups. No significant differences in dyspnea and fatigue were also observed between groups (MD 0.9 units, 95% CI: 0.51–1.29, P<0.00001; MD 0.75 units, 95% CI: 0.42–1.09, P<0.0001, respectively). However, the 2 component scores were highly heterogeneous, as one favored the emotion subscores (P for heterogeneity=0.03, I2=78%) and the other the mastery subscores (P for heterogeneity <0.00001, I2=96%; ). Furthermore, CRQ scores at 3 months were only captured in 2 studies (n=24); therefore, the end point was evaluated in a comparatively smaller population. Heterogeneity was also relatively high between the 2 trials comprising the third month end point.
Figure 6 Forest plot of comparison: meditative movement versus nonexercise, outcome: CRQ, 3-month.
Meditative movement versus walking exercise
HRQoL was evaluated by CRQ in 2 studiesCitation39,Citation40 at 6 months. The experimental group showed a significantly decreased fatigue subscores (MD 0.2 units, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.28, P<0.00001) compared with the exercise group. The pooled effect size showed that the experimental group had a lower CRQ score than the exercise group (dyspnea: MD 0.46 units, 95% CI: −0.28 to 1.20, P=0.23; emotion: MD 0.04 units, 95% CI: −0.34 to 0.42, P=0.84; mastery: MD 0.00 units, 95% CI: −0.32 to 0.33, P=0.98). The improvement of dyspnea after intervention was reported in another trial using the fatigue section of CRQ, but the difference was not significant (). However, heterogeneity was high for the other end points.
Figure 7 Forest plot of comparison: meditative movement versus walking exercise, outcome: CRQ, 6-month.
Discussion
According to the results of the present review, the pooled effect sizes indicated that meditative movement might be more beneficial to improving lung function of people with COPD than nonexercise. A pooled effect from 2 trials shows that meditative movement was more beneficial to reducing dyspnea and fatigue in COPD patients than nonexercise after 3 months. This study aims to evaluate the effects of meditative movement across multiple COPD populations. The current meta-analysis is distinct from previous reviews in several aspects. Our meta-analysis identified and included more eligible studies than the previous reviews. Progressive decline in physical condition of COPD patients reduces their ability to perform daily physical activity. Our results aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of experimental programs in enhancing rehabilitation of COPD patients. The efficacy and safety of meditative movement have been evaluated in previous studies. A pulmonary rehabilitation index, comprising exercise capacity, lung function, and HRQoL, was measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months. This review provided evidence of the effectiveness of meditative movement toward improving the exercise capacity. This study evaluates the effect of meditative movement across multiple COPD populations. This review provided evidence on the effectiveness of meditative movement in improving the exercise capacity, pulmonary function, and quality of life of COPD patients, as long as participants adhered to the protocol. Subjects in the experimental group required considerable practice to attain proficiency. Tai chi qigong (TCQ) is a low-intensity, rhythmic circular exercise incorporating musculoskeletal, respiration, and meditation training.Citation17,Citation18 The movements are coordinated with deep breathing that draws the breath down into the lower tantien (the main energy center of the body). TCQ might enhance the lung capacity and diaphragm strength, and improve cardiorespiratory function.Citation17 Yoga exerted beneficial effects by reducing breathing frequency, modulating airway reactivity,Citation19 increasing respiratory sensation through conditioning of the breathing pattern,Citation20 reducing oxygen consumption,Citation21 decreasing responses to hypoxic and hypercapnic conditiosCitation22 with better blood oxygenation without increasing minute ventilation,Citation23 improving respiratory muscle strength and endurance at least for a short-term,Citation24 and decreasing the resting heart rate and sympathetic reactivity.Citation25
In recent decades, 6MWD has been used as a simple and valid evaluation parameter for exercise tolerance of COPD patients.Citation26–Citation28 In our study, statistically significant increase in 6MWD was noted among participants allocated to meditative movement compared with those allocated to the nonexercise group. However, no significant difference was found in walking distance between the meditative movement and the walking exercise groups. This might be owing to the walking in the exercise group being self-paced instead of maximal shuttle walking, and most participants not gaining maximal exercise capacity during walking exercise unless closely monitored.Citation29 The result was similar to previous studies showing rehabilitation at home showed no objective improvement in exercise capacity among COPD patients.Citation30,Citation31 The follow-up durations of meditative movement training in our studies ranged from 6 weeks to 9 months, the loss of lung function due to pathophysiological process of COPD might not be demonstrable in such short follow-up duration. Therefore, it remained unclear whether improvements gained in lung function owing to the treatment duration using meditative movement can be maintained in the longer term. Hence, the duration of meditative movement and assessment periods should be longer. Studies did not reveal any definitive conclusions regarding the effective “dose” of meditative movement, or whether tai chi, yoga, or qigong were more effective. Future studies should pay attention to optimizing training intensity, duration, and frequency of meditative movement.
Previous studies have revealed that positive effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on HRQoL were achieved during hospitalization. However, the effects decreased and could not be sustained after discharge.Citation32,Citation33 This study adopted the CRQ to evaluate HRQoL. Meditative movement might regulate more effective emotion to elicit much higher levels of general self-efficacy belief.Citation34 Emotional self-efficacy belief may improve individual subjective happiness, interpersonal relationships, and ability to build up a positive attitude toward diseases.Citation35 Participants can cherish feelings of concern and love from others through communicating and propagating health education. The results support the hypothesis that meditative movement appeared to be more beneficial than pulmonary rehabilitation incorporating the popular breathing and walking exercises in patients with COPD. However, firm conclusion could not be drawn owing to the small sample size.
Several limitations have to be mentioned regarding our systematic review and meta-analysis. First, there were heterogeneities in the inclusion the populations studied, the diverse style of meditative movement, time points when interventions was initiated, intensity, duration, and study quality. These factors were not comparable in most of the trials. These differences may explain the statistical heterogeneity that existed in some of the outcomes investigated. The duration of meditative movement observed included studies that were not too long enough to evaluate the long-term effects, and the optimal exercise intensity and duration currently remains unknown. Second, although we tried to pool results of all the trials, the number of patients included in this meta-analysis might not be sufficient to exclude any significant clinical benefits. Third, the quality of the included studies were not consistent, which could affect the direction and magnitude of treatment effects when performing a meta-analysis. Especially, the poor-quality trials that consistently reported active results of the outcomes. Fourth, some important physiological outcome measures, such as inflammatory biomarkers, and peripheral and respiratory muscle strength and functions were lacking in most studies. Moreover, despite multiple outcome measures being used, it is not always possible to interpret the effect against a minimal clinically important difference for each measure. Finally, since most trials were conducted in Southeast Asia, caution should be taken regarding the generalization of results for the European population. It is possible that the willingness to participate in meditative movement training is impacted by national and ethnic cultures.
Conclusion
The current systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that meditative movement might improve exercise capacity, dyspnea, HRQoL, and lung function in COPD patients. So, meditative movement should be encouraged as a potential and crucial approach to COPD. However, considering the limitations of our study, questions remain to be evaluated in large-scale, well-designed, multicenter, RCTs to substantiate the preliminary findings and investigate the long-term effects of meditative movement as well as the tailoring of the rehabilitation intervention for COPD patients.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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