Post-discharge extended care contributes to the disease control of patients with COPD: a Chinese study

Abstract

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of extended care in patients with COPD.

Patients and methods

A total of 140 patients with GOLD-2 to -4 of COPD were included in final analysis. The care efficacy was evaluated by the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), pulmonary function test and blood gas analysis.

Results

The extended care improved the activity ability of COPD patients, relieved the clinical symptoms as well as reduced the impact degree of COPD to daily life (P<0.05). In addition, the extended care improved the mental health condition of patients with COPD compared with usual care (P<0.05). Moreover, the extended care improved the ventilation function of COPD patients, reduced the acute exacerbation rate and improved the blood gas levels compared with the usual care (P<0.05).

Conclusion

The extended care improves the quality of life, respiratory function and the mental health condition of patients with COPD after discharge, indicating that it contributes to the disease control of patients with COPD.

Keywords:

• extended care
• COPD
• disease control

Introduction

COPD is a pulmonary disease with irreversible air inflow limitation and is induced by damage to the airway and lung parenchyma due to chronic inflammation.¹ Although it cannot be reversed, medical treatment can help to control symptoms and minimize further damage.² COPD is often exacerbated by acute inflammatory insults, such as lung infections (viral and bacterial) and air pollutants, which seriously affect the patient’s quality of life.³ Since the 1990s, early follow-up has been applied to patients with chronic diseases, and a scientific and detailed nursing intervention plan has been developed through the patient’s assessment.^4,5 The conceptual model of extended care (continuity of nursing) was developed by Haggerty et al, suggesting that continuity refers to the degree of coherence and connectivity of a range of separate health service events accepted by the patients, as well as the degree of consistency with the patient’s medical needs and personal background.^6,7 Extended care is a new nursing pattern, which is designed through a series of actions to ensure that patients receive different levels of continuous care in different health care sites (from hospital to home).^7,8 The purpose of extended care is to help improve the clinical treatment efficacy and the quality of life of patients with COPD.

In 2012, China’s Nursing Career Development Program proposes that the extended care would become one of the key tasks of health work in China.⁹ Today, although the recovery rate of chronic diseases in Chinese patients has improved and hospitalization has declined, there are still many problems worthy of further discussion, such as extended treatment and care for chronic diseases. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of post-discharge extended care to patients with moderate-to-severe COPD.

Patients and methods

Patients

From January 2016 to December 2017, a total 156 patients confirmed with GOLD-2 to -4 of COPD were involved in the study (Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China; First Hospital, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, China; and Shenmu Hospital, Shenmu, China). The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the abovementioned hospitals, respectively, and all the patients signed the informed consent before including the study. This study is a non-randomized observational study. According to the patient’s discharge order, the patients were alternately assigned to the observation group and the control group and received different care measurements. The length of observation is 3 months. Of 156 patients, 77 patients received usual care. The other 79 patients were treated by extended care. Finally, 140 patients entered the final analysis (extended care group =70; usual care group) (Figure 1). Clinical information and general data of the included patients are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Clinical information and general data of the included patients (140 cases)

Items	Classification	Usual care group (70), n (%)	Extended care group (70), n (%)
Gender
	Male	40 (57.1)	44 (62.9)
	Female	30 (42.9)	26 (37.1)
Smoking
	Yes	43 (61.4)	39 (55.7)
	No	27 (38.6)	31 (44.3)
Education level
	Junior high school and below	24 (34.3)	26 (37.1)
	Senior high school	28 (40)	24 (34.3)
	University and above	18 (25.7)	20 (28.6)
Monthly economic income
	<3,000 RMB	18 (25.7)	22 (31.4)
	≥3,000 and ≤5,000 RMB	28 (40)	24 (34.3)
	>5,000 RMB	24 (34.3)	24 (34.3)
Classification of lung dysfunction
	Moderate GOLD-2	38 (54.3)	36 (51.4)
	Severe GOLD-3	28 (40)	32 (45.7)
	Extremely severe-GOLD-4	4 (5.7)	2 (2.8)

Note: RMB, Chinese currency unit.

Figure 1 Patient flow diagram of this study.

CONSORT statement

The patient’s enrollment did not follow the principle of random distribution, just depended on the order of discharge and the patient’s will. All patients, data collectors and statisticians were not blinded to assignment. For patient safety, investigators did not perform blind and hidden assignments. In addition, we also conducted an intention-to-treat analysis and a bias analysis of result report.

Inclusion criteria of patients

Inclusion criteria are as follows: 1) patients with COPD history were diagnosed by the pulmonary function test according to the diagnostic criteria of GOLD.^10,11 After inhalation of bronchodilator, the value of FEV₁/FVC of patient that was <0.70 indicated that the airflow is limited, and the diagnosis of COPD was confirmed; 2) patients with no history or examination records for other major diseases; and 3) patients enrolled were willing to participate in the study and they could complete the entire program with compliance.

Exclusion criteria of patients

It is not permissible to enter the study when the patient merges or exhibits any of the following terms: 1) COPD patients with bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia, lung cancer and other pulmonary organic diseases; 2) COPD patients with severe cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and neurological diseases or liver and kidney dysfunctions; and 3) COPD patients with mental illness, cognitive dysfunction or existing exchange disorders.

Classification for COPD

We determined the classification of COPD according to the GOLD as follows:¹² 1) GOLD-2 of COPD, the FEV₁ expected value is ≥50%, but <80%; 2) GOLD-3 of COPD, the FEV₁ expected value is ≥30%, but <50%; and 3) GOLD-4, the FEV₁ expected value is <30%.

Terms for withdrawal of patients and intention-to-treat analysis

Withdrawal conditions are as follows: 1) patients take the initiative to withdraw from the study with a strong attitude; 2) researchers believe that it may lead to serious results if the patients continue to participate in the research; and 3) during the follow-up procedure, the patients have to withdraw from the study due to death or other objective reasons.

Interventions of different groups

Extended care includes the following measures: health guidance, helping to quit smoking, guiding medication, respiratory exercise, physical training, long-term home oxygen therapy, psychological care, family visits, social support and nutritional support. The details are shown in Table 2. Usual care only includes health guidance and long-term home oxygen therapy. Both groups of patients received the same doctor’s advice and prescribed medications to control disease, including β2 adrenergic receptor agonists, M receptor blockers and glucocorticoid inhalants. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).

Table 2 Nursing measurement for usual care group vs extended care group (M ± SD) (140 cases)

Interventions for care	Extended care (70)	Usual care (70)
Health guidancea	Yes	Yes
Helping to quit smokingb	Yes	No
Guiding medicationc	Yes	No
Respiratory exercised	Yes	No
Physical traininge	Yes	No
Long-term home oxygen therapyf	Yes	No
Psychological careg	Yes	No
Family visitsh	Yes	No
Social supporti	Yes	No
Nutritional supportj	Yes	No
Contact a doctor when the patient is not feeling well	Yes	Yes

Notes:

a Patient or family members are required to receive health guidance, including disease observation, medication, diet, activity, family rehabilitation training, referral time, self-care guidance, etc.

b Guide and help patients quit smoking.

c To guide patients to use drugs correctly such as bronchodilators or glucocorticoids.

d Patients are required to receive a respiratory exercise on COPD, including shrink lip breathing and abdominal breathing, which is to help the patients master the correct breathing skills (5 minutes/time, 2 times/day).

e Physical training is based on aerobic exercise: quantitative walking and upper limb movement (15 minutes/time, 2 times/day).

f Instruct patients to receive long-term home oxygen therapy; time ≥5 hours/day, oxygen flow 1–2 L/min.

g Psychological care: the researchers pay close attention to the patient’s mental state and give psychological counseling, encourage and care for patients.

h Family visits are performed for each patient (1 time/every week). The contents of follow-up include the inquiry of mental state, physical examination, the use of drugs and the situation of acute exacerbations.

i Providing effective social support (through psychologist).

j Providing scientific nutritional support to patients (through nutritionist).

Abbreviation: M, mean.

Observe indicators

Evaluation of subjective efficacy

We used the St George’s respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ)¹³ to evaluate the subjective efficacy. SGRQ mainly includes 50 evaluation items, which can be divided into three items to measure as follows: activity ability, clinical symptoms and the impact degree of COPD to daily life. The score range of every item is from 0 to 100 points. The higher the score, the worse the patient’s condition is. The mental health condition of patients was assessed by the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12),¹⁴ which mainly includes 12 test items, and each test item is set to the following four options: “fully”, “as usual”, “occasional” and “completely unable to complete”. The score for the answers “fully” and “as usual” is 0, and the score for the answers “occasional” and “completely unable to complete” is 1. The total score of the questionnaire was 12 points. The higher the score, the worse the patient’s mental health is.

Evaluation of objective efficacy

The lung function of patient was tested by three investigators for three times, we took an average of three measurements. The measurement items included FEV₁, maximum vital capacity (FVC) and FEV₁/FVC values. The incidence of acute exacerbation of COPD in both groups was assessed in 3 months. Acute exacerbation of COPD is defined as the sudden worsening of the patient’s respiratory symptoms beyond normal day-to-day variations.^15,16 Meanwhile, we collected the patient’s arterial blood in the morning for blood gas detection. The oxygen partial pressure (PaO₂) and the carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO₂) were the main observation indicators.

Statistical methods

We used the SPSS 21.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) to perform statistical analysis. The count data are expressed in terms of constituent ratio (%), and the statistical results of the measurement data are expressed as mean ± SD (M ± SD). The comparisons of SGRQ scale score, GHQ-12 score and blood gas indicators were analyzed using the Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis test. The comparison for the incidence of acute exacerbation of COPD was performed by the chi-squared test. All measurement data were analyzed by the normality test. All data statistics were conducted using a bilateral test, and statistical significance was set at P<0.05.

Results

Extended care promotes the activity ability of patients with COPD

As shown in Table 3, after intervention the score of activity in the extended care group (60.24±6.11) was lower than that in the usual care group (72.38±4.57), which indicated that the extended care promoted the activity ability of patients with COPD (P<0.05; Figure 2A).

Table 3 Comparison of SGRQ scale score between before intervention and after intervention for usual care group vs extended care group (M ± SD, points)

Items	Usual care group (70 cases)		P-value	Extended care group (70 cases)		P-value
	Before intervention	After intervention		Before intervention	After intervention
Activity scores	76.46±5.12	72.38±4.57	>0.05	81.23±3.89	60.24±6.11a	<0.05
Symptom scores	70.73±4.33	67.26±3.78	>0.05	71.91±7.22	52.53±2.84b	<0.05
Impact scores	68.99±3.29	62.06±6.76	>0.05	69.92±9.56	55.83±7.22c	<0.05

Notes:

a After intervention, the comparison of extended care with usual care on activity score (P<0.05).

b After intervention, the comparison of extended care with usual care on activity score (P<0.05).

c After intervention, the comparison of extended care with usual care on activity score.

Abbreviations: M, mean; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Figure 2 Evaluation of efficacy of extended care and usual care patients with COPD after discharge.

Notes: (A) Extended care promoted the activity ability, mitigated the clinical symptoms as well as reduced the impact degree of COPD to daily life in patients with COPD (P<0.05). (B) Extended care improved the psychological health of patients with GOLD-2 to -4 of COPD (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire; M, mean; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.

Extended care mitigates the clinical symptoms of patients with COPD

As shown in Table 3, after intervention the symptom score in the extended care group (52.53±2.84) was decreased compared with the usual care group (67.26±3.78), which indicated that the extended care contributed to control the clinical symptoms of patients with COPD (P<0.05) (Figure 2A).

Extended care reduces the impact degree of COPD to daily life in patients with COPD

As shown in Table 3, after intervention the score of impact degree in the extended care group displayed an obvious decrease (55.83±7.22) compared to the usual care group (62.06±6.76), which indicated that the extended care decreased the impact degree of COPD to daily life of patients (P<0.05; Figure 2A).

Intra-group comparison of different intervention groups

For in-group comparisons (pre-intervention vs post- intervention), the usual care group did not show statistical difference (P>0.05), but the results from the extended care group showed that compared to before intervention the extended care significantly promoted the activity ability of patients with COPD (P<0.05), relieved the clinical symptoms of patients (P<0.05) and decreased the impact degree of COPD to daily life of patients (P<0.05).

Extended care improves the mental health condition of patients with COPD

As shown in Table 4, there was no significant difference in GHQ-12 scores between two groups before intervention (P>0.05). However, after the intervention, the score of the extended care group (2.73±0.59) was significantly lower than that of the usual care group (6.81±0.95), which indicated that the extended care improved the mental health condition of patients with COPD (P<0.05; Figure 2B). In addition, compared to before intervention the extended care significantly promoted the mental health condition of patients with COPD (P<0.05; Figure 2B).

Table 4 Comparison of GHQ-12 score between before intervention and after intervention for usual care group vs extended care group (M ± SD)

Items	Cases (N)	Groups	M ± SD		P-value
			Before intervention	After intervention
GHQ-12 scores	70	Usual care group	7.99±1.09	6.81±0.95	>0.05
	70	Extended care group	9.36±1.33	2.73±0.59	<0.05
	70	T-value	0.49	11.55
	70	P-value	>0.05	<0.05a

Note:

a After intervention, the comparison of extended care with usual care on activity score (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: GHQ-12, 12-item General Health Questionnaire; M, mean.

Extended care contributes to improve the ventilation function of patients with GOLD-2 to -4 of COPD

As shown in Table 5, after intervention, the value of FEV₁ in the extended care group (0.57±0.09) was higher than that in the usual care group (0.48±0.15) (P<0.05) (Figure 3A). The FVC of the extended care group (0.56±0.12) also was significantly increased compared with that in the usual care group (0.49±0.11) (P<0.05) (Figure 3B). The FEV₁/FVC of the extended care group (0.69±0.14) showed an obvious increase compared with the usual care group (0.62±0.13) (P<0.05) (Figure 3C). These results indicated that extended care contributes to improve the ventilation function of patients with COPD.

Table 5 Comparison of pulmonary function between before intervention and after intervention for usual care group vs extended care group (M ± SD)

Group	Intervention	Usual care group (70 cases)	Extended care group (70 cases)	T-value	P-value
FEV1 % (M ± SD)	Before intervention	0.46±0.17	0.45±0.18	0.41	>0.05
	After intervention	0.48±0.15	0.57±0.09a	6.34	<0.05
FVC% (M ± SD)	Before intervention	0.47±0.12	0.48±0.13	0.41	>0.05
	After intervention	0.49±0.11	0.56±0.12b	8.56	<0.05
FEV1/FVC (M ± SD)	Before intervention	0.59±0.14	0.58±0.15	0.79	>0.05
	After intervention	0.62±0.13	0.69±0.14c	9.91	<0.05

Notes:

a After intervention, the comparison of the extended care group with the usual care group on FEV₁ (P<0.05).

b After intervention, the comparison of the extended care group with the usual care group on FVC (P<0.05).

c After intervention, the comparison of the extended care group with the usual care group on FEV₁/FVC (P<0.05).

Abbreviation: M, mean.

Figure 3 Effect of extended care and usual care on pulmonary function.

Notes: (A) After intervention, the value of FEV₁ in the extended care group was higher than that in the usual care group (P<0.05). (B) After intervention, the FVC in the extended care group was improved compared with the usual care group (P<0.05). (C) After intervention, the FEV₁/FVC of the extended care group showed an increasing trend compared with the usual care group (P<0.05).
Abbreviation: M, mean.

Extended care reduces the acute exacerbation rates of patients with COPD

As shown in Table 6, after intervention, the acute exacerbation rate of COPD patients in the extended care group was lower (4/70, 5.7%) than that in the usual care group (18/70, 25.7%), which indicated that the extended care contributed to control the disease progress of patients with COPD (P<0.05; Figure 4A).

Table 6 Comparison of acute exacerbation rates and blood gas after intervention for usual care group vs extended care group (M ± SD)

Comparison of acute exacerbation rates in two groups
Groups	N (cases)	Acute exacerbation (%)	No acute exacerbation (%)	P-value
Usual care group Extended care group	70 70	18 (25.7) 4 (5.7)	52 (74.3) 66 (94.3)	0.001
Comparison of blood gas analysis in two groups
Groups	N (cases)	PaO2 (kPa)	PaCO2 (kPa)	P-value
Usual care group	70	6.3±1.05	7.59±1.05	0.001
Extended care group	70	7.8±1.08a	6.09±0.93b

Notes:

a After intervention, the comparison of extended care with usual care on activity score (P=0.001).

b After intervention, the comparison of extended care with usual care on activity score (P=0.001).

Abbreviations: M, mean; PaCO₂, carbon dioxide partial pressure; PaO₂, oxygen partial pressure.

Figure 4 Effect of extended care and usual care on acute exacerbation rate and blood gas levels of COPD patients.

Notes: (A) The acute exacerbation rate of COPD patients in the extended care group was lower than that in the usual care group (P<0.05). (B) The extended care elevated the level of PaO₂ and reduced the level of PaCO₂ of COPD patients compared with usual care (P<0.05).
Abbreviations: PaCO₂, carbon dioxide partial pressure; PaO₂, oxygen partial pressure.

Extended care improves the blood gas levels of patients with COPD

As shown in Table 6, after intervention, the extended care elevated the PaO₂ (7.8±1.08 kPa) and reduced the PaCO₂ (6.09±0.93 kPa) of COPD patients, compared with those receiving usual care (6.3±1.05 kPa for PaO₂; 7.59±1.05 kPa for PaCO₂, respectively), which indicated that the extended care improved the blood gas levels of patients with COPD (P<0.05; Figure 4B).

Discussion

COPD is a chronic respiratory disease, which is the major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide.¹⁷ COPD is mainly characterized by rapid development of irreversible airflow limitation,¹⁸ which is exacerbated by acute inflammatory insults such as lung infections (viral and bacterial) and air pollutants.³ Extended care is widely regarded as an essential element of high-quality health services, which can improve the patient’s health outcomes, reduce the possibility of emergency and decrease the rates of acute hospitalization.^6,19 At present, the study of extended care in China is just beginning to be promoted, which lacks considerable data.

The SGRQ is designed to measure health impairment in patients with asthma and COPD. In this study, we found all three aspects: activity ability, clinical symptoms and the effect of COPD to patients’ daily lives, and the scores of the extended care group were all lower than those in the usual care group, which suggested that extended care contributed to control the disease progression of COPD. We believe that compared with usual care, the extended care helps patients understand the disease, elevate their ability to deal with the disease, coordinate with the treatment and strengthen the preventive measures. Previous study also shows that the extended care can reduce the number of hospitalized patients, prolong the time interval of rehospitalization, reduce medical expenses and improve their quality of patients.²⁰ We noticed that the extended care can significantly mitigate the clinical symptoms of COPD patients, indicating that the extended care promoted the disease rehabilitation of COPD patients. It has been suggested that the systematic rehabilitation of COPD patients with endurance training and respiratory muscle function training can effectively improve the symptoms of dyspnea in patients, enhance the ability of exercise tolerance, alleviate their psychological barriers and improve their quality of life.²⁰

The GHQ-12 questionnaire is a self-rated questionnaire with a high applicability in the judgment of the patient’s own condition (psychological well-being).¹⁴ In this study, the rehabilitation and quality of life of the COPD patients in the extended care group were better than those in the usual care group, showing that the extended care improved the mental health status of patients with COPD. Research shows that extended care can increase the patient’s psychological satisfaction, establish the confidence to overcome the disease, which not only improve the treatment effect of patients and strengthen the compliance of rehabilitation training, and actively promote the improvement of the quality of life of patients.⁷ COPD patients with disease progression will inevitably increase the symptoms of dyspnea, resulting in increased body metabolism. If it is not enough for energy at this time, it will inevitably lead to decreased weight of patients and malnutrition, and respiratory muscle structure and function will be affected.²¹ However, providing the extended care on COPD patients can effectively improve the nutritional status and promote the quality of life of COPD patients. In this study, we also found that extended care contributes to improve the ventilation function of patients with COPD. Home oxygen therapy is one of the indispensable means of treating COPD, and extended care can ensure the continuity and normality of home oxygen therapy, which is helpful for improvement of lung function.²²

In addition, this study showed that the extended care reduced the possibility of acute exacerbations in patients with COPD. We believe that the own health awareness of patients with COPD in stable period can be improved after a series of continuous health education of extended care, which reduced the number of hospitalizations caused by acute exacerbation significantly. Extended care can strengthen the follow-up process with the patient’s family communication so that the family members can fully understand the importance of social support for the rehabilitation of patients, which help patients in the process of rehabilitation maintain a positive attitude. Furthermore, we found that extended care elevated the level of PaO₂ and reduced the level of PaCO₂ in COPD patients compared with usual care, suggesting that extended care not only can alleviate the physical and mental burden of patients but also directly improve blood gas levels of COPD patients. Previous study shows that the extended care is beneficial to ensure the patient compliance to lung function rehabilitation training, family oxygen therapy, drug therapy and breathing training, thus promoting the arterial oxygen pressure levels and decreasing the levels of PaCO₂.²³

There are several inadequacies in the study. First, the hospital nurses failed to communicate effectively with the community nurses where the patient is located, which leads to that the patient cannot get further guidance via the community nurses. Second, the study is limited by the observation time (3 months). Third, the study only involves some functional indicators and lacks the economic indicators and other data analyses. Fourth, the patients included in this study were all Chinese patients, which would result in selection bias from geographical and ethnic origin. Finally, the team was not blinded and hence there may be a risk of assessor bias, and some of the outcomes were self-reported, which leads to reporting bias. So, it is necessary to carry out a more deep study to further assess the efficacy of extended care to COPD patients.

Conclusion

Extended care improves the quality of life of patients with COPD after discharge, which is conducive to the rehabilitation of respiratory function and the psychological health of patients.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by grant from the Scientific Research Plan projects of Shaanxi Province Education Department, China (No 17JK0661).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.