The Belgian trial with azithromycin for acute COPD exacerbations requiring hospitalization: an investigator-initiated study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract

Background

Long-term use of macrolide antibiotics is effective to prevent exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). As risks and side effects of long-term intervention outweigh the benefits in the general COPD population, the optimal dose, duration of treatment, and target population are yet to be defined. Hospitalization for an acute exacerbation (AE) of COPD may offer a targeted risk group and an obvious risk period for studying macrolide interventions.

Methods/design

Patients with COPD, hospitalized for an AE, who have a smoking history of ≥10 pack-years and had ≥1 exacerbation in the previous year will be enrolled in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT2135354). On top of a standardized treatment of systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics, subjects will be randomized to receive either azithromycin or placebo during 3 months, at an uploading dose of 500 mg once a day for 3 days, followed by a maintenance dose of 250 mg once every 2 days. The primary endpoint is the time-to-treatment failure during the treatment phase (ie, from the moment of randomization until the end of intervention). Treatment failure is a novel composite endpoint defined as either death, the admission to intensive care or the requirement of additional systemic steroids or new antibiotics for respiratory reasons, or the diagnosis of a new AE after discharge.

Discussion

We investigate whether azithromycin initiated at the onset of a severe exacerbation, with a limited duration and at a low dose, might be effective and safe in the highest risk period during and immediately after the acute event. If proven effective and safe, this targeted approach may improve the treatment of severe AEs and redirect the preventive use of azithromycin in COPD to a temporary intervention in the subgroup with the highest unmet needs.

Keywords:

• COPD
• acute exacerbation
• macrolide antibiotics
• azithromycin
• physical activity
• RCT

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major health challenges of the next decades and is currently estimated by Global Burden of Disease studies as the third leading cause of death worldwide.¹ It is a chronic disease characterized by airflow limitation which is progressive, not fully reversible and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lung to noxious particles and gases.^2–4 The high burden of COPD resulting from its respiratory symptoms is further enhanced by recurrent exacerbations,^5,6 which are triggered mainly by the acquisition of new strains of respiratory pathogens or an increase in the concentration of bacteria colonizing the lower airways.^7–9 Known to drive progressive lung function decline and physical inactivity, these acute events contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality, and the resulting hospitalizations impose a significant strain on health care resource utilization.^10,11

Although the spectrum of available COPD treatments reduces the frequency of exacerbations by approximately 20%–30%,^12–15 they are insufficient as many patients still experience at least one exacerbation a year of which one-quarter requires hospitalization. A recent large European audit on COPD exacerbations in hospitalized patients revealed that these events were associated with 12% mortality and 35% risk of readmission within 3 months after discharge.¹⁶ It is needless to argue that our current acute interventions are lacking effectiveness in a substantial proportion of the COPD admissions and that new interventions in this particular subset of patients are warranted. Bacterial infections are responsible for around half of the acute exacerbations (AEs) of COPD.¹⁷ Current guidelines therefore recommend antibiotic therapy for patients with more severe symptoms, with treatment typically lasting 5–7 days. Although such intervention has shown to reduce the risk of subsequent exacerbations, relapse is common with some patients remaining at high risk for recurrent episodes for several weeks after the initial event. Failure may be related to inadequate antibiotic efficacy, but even with effective bacterial eradication, or in case of noninfectious events, increased airway inflammation may persist for a prolonged period after discharge and will likely promote recurrence.⁹ Epidemiological data confirm that the risk for subsequent events peaks drastically during 90 days after discharge and clearly increases with every following hospital admission.¹⁸ Disrupting the vicious cycle of one severe exacerbation introducing a subsequent one is therefore a promising interventional strategy.

Several randomized clinical trials have shown benefits of long-term macrolide treatment in a variety of chronic respiratory diseases, particularly in diffuse panbronchiolitis, cystic fibrosis, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome post-lung transplantation, and bronchiectasis.^19–23 The potential of long-term macrolide treatment for preventing COPD exacerbations has been recently confirmed in a large randomized controlled trial showing that chronic azithromycin therapy over 1 year, on top of standard inhalation therapy, reduced the risk of exacerbations by ∼30%.²⁴ However, the long-term use of this class of antibiotics is not recommended in all patients with COPD as it is inevitably associated with bacterial resistance and carries the risk for side effects such as hearing loss and life-threatening arrhythmias by the prolongation of the QT interval.²⁵ Despite its potent effects and its proof of concept, uncertainty remains about the specific patient population that is most likely to benefit and also about the optimal dose and duration of the macrolide treatment.²⁶ For these reasons, a recent update of the international treatment recommendations for COPD by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) still did not incorporate azithromycin in its therapeutic arsenal.⁴ Reducing the dose and time course of the azithromycin intervention, as well as restricting the treatment to a subgroup of patients with COPD with the highest risk for future exacerbations, may overcome some of these concerns, and would therefore be a major step forward to a targeted clinical use.^25,27 Additionally, short courses of macrolides were shown to facilitate the weaning process in ventilator-associated pneumonia and to shorten the time to resolution of pneumonia by approximately 40%.²⁸ In AEs of asthma, 10 days of neomacrolides resulted in a significant symptom improvement compared to placebo.²⁹ In line with these immediate therapeutic benefits for other acute respiratory diseases, azithromycin therapy, initiated at the onset of acute COPD exacerbations requiring hospital admission, may also improve short-term outcomes of hospitalization and prevent early relapse.

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, the main aim is to assess whether a targeted course of low-dose azithromycin for 3 months, initiated at the onset of a severe AE requiring hospitalization, might be effective and safe in the highest risk period, that is, during and immediately after the acute event.

Content

This paper describes the BACE (the Belgian trial with azithromycin for acute COPD exacerbations requiring hospitalization; clinicaltrial.gov number: NCT2135354) study design and its novel contributions to the current clinical research in the management of AEs of COPD. These include a study protocol designed to be embedded in a real-life hospitalization setting following an AE, assessing the efficacy and safety of a dose- and time-limited treatment with azithromycin for prevention in the highest risk period, not only during but also immediately after the acute event. Furthermore, as a primary endpoint, we evaluate the time-to-treatment failure, a novel combined clinical endpoint defined as either death, the admission to intensive care or requirement of additional systemic steroids or new antibiotics for respiratory reasons, or the diagnosis of a new AE after discharge.

Methodology

Study design

The BACE trial is an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Besides the lead center at the University Hospital in Leuven, patients will also be recruited from six academic and 13 nonacademic hospitals within Belgium. A maximum total of 500 patients will be enrolled by the established consortium within a 2-year inclusion period. The first patient was included in August 2014. The end of the trial is defined by the last visit of all included patients.

Study population

All patients with COPD, 18 years or older, hospitalized for an AE and treated with standard therapy, will be asked to participate in the BACE trial.

In order to observe changes in the treatment (or treatment failure) during and after hospitalization, the GOLD-recommended therapy during an AE requiring hospitalization (which includes systemic steroids, antibiotics, and short-acting bronchodilators)³⁰ was fixed to a standard regimen (Table 1). This regimen is in line with recent literature on the dose of systemic steroids^31–33 and the Infectious Diseases Advisory Board Belgian guidelines for antibiotic use in AEs of COPD requiring hospitalization.

Table 1 Fixed regimen of standard therapy for an acute COPD exacerbation requiring hospitalization

Therapy	Specifications
Systemic steroids	Methylprednisolone 40 mg IV or 32 mg PO OD for 5 days (switch IV to PO as soon as possible)
Antibiotics
First choice	Amoxi–Clavulanate 1 g IV QID or 2 g PO BID for 7 days (or alternative regimen of 1 g IV QID or 875/125 mg PO TID for 7 days)
Alternatives	Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV or 400 mg PO OD for 5 days
In case of:	Intolerance or allergy to Amoxi–Clavulanate
	Clinical failure on GP-initiated Amoxi–Clavulanate treatment
	Anti-pseudomonas antibiotics
In case of:	Bronchiectasis
	History of positive cultures for pseudomonas
	High risk of pseudomonas
	Clinical failure on GP-initiated treatment
Short-acting bronchodilators	Via inhalation
Respiratory support	Oxygen
	Noninvasive ventilationa
	Mechanical ventilationa

Note:

a Considered exclusion criteria if needed at the moment of randomization.

Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IV, intravenous; PO, per os; OD, once a day; QID, four times a day; BID, two times a day; TID, three times a day; GP, general practitioner.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

All patients must have an established diagnosis of COPD made by a medical doctor (based on clinical history and a pulmonary function test), with a history of ≥1 exacerbation in the preceding year for which a course of systemic steroids and/or antibiotics was started, must be current or past smokers with a smoking history of ≥10 pack-years, and must have a normal QTc value confirmed by an electrocardiogram taken at admission. Automated QTc values, calculated according to Bazett’s formula, and predefined cutoff criteria, that is, ≤450 ms for male and ≤470 ms for female, were used to determine the eligibility. The same formula was used throughout the patient’s trial participation to evaluate QT prolongation.

The main exclusion criteria are contraindications to azithromycin, respiratory insufficiency at the moment of randomization, chronic systemic steroid use (>4 mg methylprednisolone/day for ≥2 months), and the active use of macrolide antibiotics during ≥2 weeks preceding inclusion.

The full list of exclusion criteria is given in Table 2.

Table 2 Full list of exclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria
1   Mechanical or noninvasive ventilation at the moment of randomization
2   Long QT interval on ECG: QTc >450 ms for male or >470 ms for female
3   History of life-threatening arrhythmias
4   Myocardial infarction (NSTEMI or STEMI) less than 6 weeks before starting the study drug
5   Unstable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI or STEMI) at admission
6   Concomitant use of a drug with high risk for long QT interval and torsade de pointes (amiodarone, flecainide, procainamide, sotalol, droperidol, haldol, citalopram, other macrolides)
7   Documented uncorrected severe hypokalemia (K^+ <3.0 mmol/L) or hypomagnesemia (Mg^2+ <0.5 mmol/L)
8   Chronic systemic steroids (>4 mg methylprednisolone/day for ≥2 months)
9   Actual use of macrolides for at least 2 weeks
10 Allergy to macrolides
11 Active cancer treatment
12 Life expectancy <3 months
13 Pregnant or breast-feeding subjects. Woman of childbearing potential must have a pregnancy test performed and a negative result must be documented before starting the treatment

Abbreviations: ECG, electrocardiogram; NSTEMI, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Intervention

Eligible patients consenting to participation will be randomized (1:1) to receive either azithromycin (Azitromycine CF; Centrafarm Nederland B.V., Etten-Leur, the Netherlands) or placebo tablets of identical appearance (Apotheek Haagse Ziekenhuizen, Den Haag, the Netherlands) on top of maximal standardized therapy. Within 48 hours after hospital admission, a 3-month treatment phase with azithromycin or placebo is initiated at an uploading dose of 500 mg once a day for 3 days and subsequently administered at a lower maintenance dose of 250 mg every 2 days for the remainder of the 90-day treatment period. Patients will then be followed up for an additional 6 months to evaluate the recurrence rate after the withdrawal of study drug.

The BACE trial study design is presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 The BACE trial study design.

Abbreviations: BACE, the Belgian trial with azithromycin for acute COPD exacerbations requiring hospitalization; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; D1, day 1; D1–3, days 1–3; D4–90, days 4–90; D270, day 270; OD, once a day.

Rationale for duration and dose of azithromycin

In 2011, Albert et al showed that azithromycin reduces the risk of future COPD exacerbations by ∼30% on top of standard inhalation therapy when given chronically for over a year at a dose of 250 mg once daily. Careful observation of the data revealed that a major part of the reduction in exacerbations is already obtained within 90 days after treatment onset. Thereafter, the curves representing the proportion of patients free from AEs may still diverge, whereas after 6 months of treatment, a more steady and equal decline for both the placebo and intervention arm are reached.²⁴ Remarkably, in the study by Wong et al on the reduction of exacerbations in bronchiectasis, in which azithromycin was stopped after 6 months of treatment, benefits persisted for another 6 months of follow-up.²³ It indicates that the withdrawal of azithromycin after prolonged intake of 3–6 months is reasonable to consider and sufficient for interrupting the circle of inflammation, infection, and relapse.

In addition to the optimal duration for the azithromycin intervention, uncertainty remains about the ideal dose to target therapeutic serum and tissue levels.²⁶ Earlier pharmacokinetic studies have found that a dose of 500 mg corresponded to serum peak levels of 0.4 μg/mL with a half-life of 40–68 hours. With repeated administration, lung tissue levels increased 75-fold and persisted even after serum levels declined.^34,35 Therefore, several experts believe that 250 mg of azithromycin three times weekly is probably sufficient to obtain all therapeutic benefits while reducing potential side effects, although there are no specific data to support this in COPD.^25,36

Objectives and endpoints

The primary objective is to prove the effectiveness of azithromycin on top of maximal standardized therapy in the acute treatment of COPD exacerbations that require hospitalization. A secondary objective is to prove the safety, without losing effectiveness, by reducing the dose and duration of a current and everlasting treatment.

The primary clinical efficacy endpoint is the time-to-treatment failure and will be evaluated within the period from randomization (day 1, from 1 hour after the first intake of study drug) until the end of intervention (day 90, 24 hours after the last intake of study drug). By using this endpoint, the potential short-term benefits of acute macrolide treatment, as well as the long-term benefits of prolonged treatment, are utilized. The combined endpoint is defined as either death, the admission to intensive care or the requirement of additional systemic steroids or new antibiotics for respiratory reasons, or the diagnosis of a new AE of COPD after discharge. Each of the components in the combined endpoint bears the same weight; once one is fulfilled, the primary endpoint is met. The use of this combined endpoint of treatment failure in the first 3 months is in line with earlier studies on the efficacy of systemic steroids during the AE³⁷ and will avoid arbitrary clinical decisions on whether recurrent symptoms or therapy needed is related to an incomplete resolution or to a new acute event.

Key secondary endpoints are the number of clinical failures at day 90, symptom COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score at day 90, and total days of steroid use at day 90. Other main secondary endpoints are the key secondary endpoints at day 270 and endpoints assessed at the end of intervention (day 90) and the end of follow-up (day 270) including time to new exacerbation, number of new exacerbations, total days of hospitalization, total days of intensive care, quality-of-life (European Quality-of-Life – 5 Dimensions [EQ5D] questionnaire) and symptom assessments (CAT, modified Medical Research Council, and the Speech, Spatial, and Qualities of Hearing Scale – 5 Items questionnaires), forced expiratory volume in 1 second, total dose of systemic steroids, total days of antibiotic use, number of home physician contacts, and average costs of hospitalization.

Randomization and masking

Patients will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either azithromycin or placebo, with a permuted block size of ten and sequential assignment, stratified by the center. Randomization and distribution of the study drug are performed by the hospital pharmacy of the University Hospital of Ghent based on an online generated randomization schedule (http://www.randomization.com). Unique randomization codes are locally obtained through a secured Web-based program. Participants, investigators, and research assistants are blinded to treatment allocation.

Clinical procedures

The study protocol is designed to be embedded in a real-life hospitalization setting following an AE. All screening tests to assess eligibility are part of the routine assessment in the emergency department. After initiating the intervention, study visits are scheduled to coincide with clinical routine practice in Belgium.

The study consists of the following visits that occur during hospitalization: randomization (day 1 is the first day of study drug administration), start of maintenance dose (day 4, +3-day window allowed for all actions with the exception of switching from the uploading to the maintenance dose), and day of discharge (day X, left at investigators discretion). After discharge, subjects will be followed at the outpatient department at 1 month after discharge (day X +28, +14-day window), the end of intervention (day 90, allowed from day 86 up to day 105), and the end of follow-up (day 270, +14-day window). Telephone calls are scheduled bimonthly (day 150 and day 210, ±7-day window) between the end of intervention and the end of follow-up. Patients are instructed to complete a diary with biweekly questionnaires for symptom evaluation, medication changes and the detection of new exacerbations, general practitioner visits, or new hospitalizations. Adherence is assessed by study drug accountability and diary completion. Data collected at each visit are shown in Table 3. Performed in addition to clinical routine are the following tests: for the assessment of the impact of COPD – CAT questionnaire; level of dyspnea – modified Medical Research Council questionnaire; quality of life – EQ5D questionnaire; antibiotic resistance – bacterial and fungal culture on spontaneous sputum samples; cardiac toxicity – electrocardiogram; and the screening of hearing decrement – the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of hearing scale – 5-item questionnaire.

Table 3 Data collected at each study visit

Assessment	Visit
	Screening (48 hours)	Randomization (D1, within 48 hours after hospital admission)	Switch to maintenance dose (D4, + max 72 hours)	Day of discharge (DX, at investigators discretion)	Control visit 1: 1 month after discharge (DX +28, +14-day window)	Control visit 2: End of intervention (D90, allowed from day 86 until day 105)	Telephone call 1 (D150, ±7-day window)	Telephone call 2 (D210, ±7-day window)	Control visit 3: End of follow-up (D270, +14-day window)
Chest X-ray	X
ECG	X		X		Xb	Xb			(Xa,b)
Arterial blood gas	X
Laboratoryc	X		X
Spontaneous sputum sample	X			Xb		Xb			Xb
Pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry				X		X			X
Eligibility + informed consent	X
Anamnesis + medical history		X
Current respirator medication		X		X		X			X
Vital parameters	X	X	X	X		X			X
mMRC + CAT questionnaire		Xb	Xb	Xb	Xb	Xb	Xb	Xb	Xb
EQ5D questionnaire		Xb		Xb		Xb			Xb
SSQ5 questionnaire		Xb		Xb		Xb			Xb
PROactive substudy				(Xb,d)		(Xb,d)			(Xb,d)
Study drug intake		X	X	X	X	X
Check therapy adherence			X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Check prim/s endpoint			X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Record (serious) adverse events			X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Diary instruction + overview				X	X	X	X	X	X

Notes:

a ECG only to be performed at D270 if long QT, severe arrhythmia’s, or severe conductance disturbances were present on ECG of D90;

b test performed in addition to clinical routine;

c screening laboratory: hemoglobin, hematocrit, total white blood cell count and differentiation, platelets, creatinine, urea, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO3⁻, Mg²⁺, AST, ALT, LDH, glucose, CRP, high-sensitive troponin T; D4 laboratory: total white blood cell count and differentiation, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO3⁻, Mg²⁺, CRP, high-sensitive troponin T, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, total IgE, RAST aspergillus, IgG aspergillus;

d DynaPort^® to be worn for 7 days and questionnaire to be completed on day 8 only if patient consented to participation in the PROactive substudy.

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; D270, day 270; DX, day X; D1, day 1; D150, day 150; D210, day 210; D90, day 90; ECG, electrocardiogram; EQ5D, European Quality-of-Life – 5 Dimensions; IgE, immunoglobulin E; IgG, immunoglobulin G; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; RAST, radioallergosorbent test; SSQ5, Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale – 5-items.

Substudies

PROactive substudy

During and after AEs, patients with COPD are profoundly inactive and failure to increase physical activity (PA) is associated with relapse. Moreover, physical inactivity is known to be associated with cardiovascular and metabolic morbidity and is one of the strongest predictors of mortality in COPD.⁶ Recurrent AEs have a deleterious impact on PA and treatments implemented to reduce the burden of an AE may spin off in faster recovery of PA.

In a subgroup of the BACE trial, PA levels will be addressed with easy-to-wear portable devices (DynaPort^®; McRoberts B.V., the Hague, the Netherlands), recently thoroughly validated by the PROactive consortium for the use in COPD.³⁸ We hypothesize that with an effective medical intervention, differences in the recovery of PA will be appreciated when measuring 30 subjects in each treatment arm, offering considerable benefits in the long run.

Randomized patients willing to participate in the substudy will not only follow the standard protocol but also wear the activity monitor for 7 days after discharge (day X), at the end of intervention (day 90) and at the end of follow-up (day 270). This device is not only registering PA for 7 days but is also coupled to a standardized and patient-validated questionnaire on physical activities, which needs to be filled out at day 8 to cover a recall period of 7 (monitored) days.

Pharmacoeconomic substudy

A second subanalysis of the BACE trial will include a detailed cost-effectiveness study. This multicenter randomized trial executed in one country will provide an excellent tool for precise health economic assessments. In a first approach, rough estimates on savings of direct costs in the entire study cohort will be made by an evaluation of average costs in Flanders for a single hospitalization day at a respiratory ward, a day at intensive care, an emergency visit, a home physician contact, and for an antibiotic and/or steroid course. A more detailed cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analysis at 3-month and 9-month intervals will only be performed in case significant clinical benefits are found in favor of the active treatment.

For this purpose, medical resource use data will be collected not only retrospectively via hospital invoices (direct costs including medications, physician visits, laboratory tests, technical examinations, medical imaging, and hospital stay) but also prospectively via patient diaries, to cover direct and indirect costs (relating to time, convenience, and transportation) during the entire outpatient period and will be linked to the EQ5D scores.

Ethical approval

The BACE trial is being carried out according to the Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Documented approval has been obtained from the Leading Ethics Committee (Commissie Medische Ethiek UZ KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium - affiliated to UZ KU Leuven) and the competent authority (Federaal Agentschap voor Geneesmiddelen en Gezondheidsproducten [Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products], Brussels, Belgium). All patients must provide a written informed consent according to the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and local legal requirements. Randomized patients, willing to participate in the PROactive and/or pharmacoeconomic substudy, will have to give an informed consent for the additional measures related to either of the substudies. However, individual patients can choose to opt out for these measures and only to participate in the medical intervention study, the BACE trial.

Statistics

Efficacy population

The primary endpoint will be evaluated in the intention-to-treat population, that is, all randomized patients. As a secondary analysis, the primary endpoint will also be evaluated in the per-protocol population (not including dropouts and including only patients with satisfactory adherence to the intake of the study drug).

Sample size calculation

Two hundred and fifty subjects per group, 500 subjects in total, will yield 80% power to show a significant difference in the primary endpoint at a two-sided significance level of 0.05. Sample size calculation is based on a survival analysis using a logrank test assuming proportional hazards, a clinical failure in at least 45% of the placebo arm within 3 months (based on 35% readmissions in the Belgian COPD population in the European COPD audit,¹⁶ a proportion of 50% with a new exacerbation within 4 months after randomization in the randomized trial with vitamin D enrolling similar but stable patients,³⁹ and a 20% treatment failure within 8 weeks in the MAESTRAL study looking at mild exacerbations⁴⁰), a 35% relative improvement with azithromycin intervention (hazard ratio (HR) =0.65; HR of 0.73 for time to first exacerbation,²⁴ HR of 0.5 for time to the resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia²⁸), and taking into account a maximal amount of 25% of dropouts. After the inclusion of 125 patients, recruitment was somewhat lower than anticipated and the observed dropout was also lower (16/125 [12.8%]). Therefore, it was opted to foresee an interim analysis for efficacy and futility when 300 patients reach their 90-day follow-up. Assuming a lower dropout rate of 17% and the same other assumptions as mentioned earlier, the trial remains powered at 80% with a sample size of 500 patients and a total number of 177 events. Sample size calculation was done using EAST Version 6.3.

Interim analysis

As cardiac safety and the risk of QT prolongation are major concerns during an AE requiring hospital admission, an interim safety and efficacy analysis will be performed as soon as 300 patients have completed their 3-month visit. They will be tested for both efficacy and futility using the alpha- and beta-spending functions of O’Brien–Fleming.⁴¹ The amount of information will be assessed by the number of observed events over the required number of 177 events to obtain 80% power. Full details will be available in a statistical analysis plan. These analyses will be performed by an independent safety committee consisting of a cardiologist and a statistician.

Statistical analysis

All patients randomized will be analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The primary efficacy endpoint will be analyzed by means of a logrank test. In addition, a hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval from a Cox proportional hazards model will be provided. A serial gatekeeping method⁴² will be used to control the family-wise type I error of the key secondary endpoints that will be addressed in the following hierarchy: number of clinical failures at day 90, symptom CAT score at day 90, and total days of steroid use at day 90. All other secondary outcomes and all analyses performed at day 90 and day 270 will be considered as exploratory. A 5% significance level will be used. Full details will be available in a statistical analysis plan which will be finalized before the interim analysis.

Data acquisition and analysis

Data will be collected in an electronic case report form by the local investigators and their dedicated clinical trial assistants, and will be monitored by the central study coordinators of the BACE trial blinded to the randomization code prior to a total database lock. There is no external clinical research organization. Particular attention will go to the adjudication of the primary endpoint as this is a composite one of which all components bear the same weight. For the interim as well as the final analysis, the database will also be checked for outliers after, respectively, the 300th patient has completed his day 90 visit and after the last patient has completed his day 270 follow-up visit. These outliers will be linked to the original on-site documents for revision via queries to the local investigators and clinical trial assistants. After database lock, the randomization code will be broken and the statistical analysis will be performed according to a comprehensive statistical plan which defines primary, secondary, safety, and subgroup analyses.

Conclusion

This randomized placebo-controlled trial aims to establish an appropriate but more restricted use of azithromycin during and immediately after hospital admission for a severe exacerbation of COPD to overcome the highest risk period for treatment failure, relapse, and death. The proposed intervention will deal not only with short-term in-hospital outcomes but also with the relapse rate during the 3 months after discharge, a period known to have the highest risk for deterioration.

By reducing the dose and the duration of treatment with azithromycin and by targeting the treatment to acute periods with the highest risk for treatment failure, benefits may counterbalance potential side effects of macrolides, which may result in a new treatment strategy for severe AE of COPD. If proven to be safe and effective, a breakthrough in the acute treatment setting will be obtained and the chronic use of high-dose azithromycin in a large and poorly defined population of patients with COPD, with inherent risks and side effects, will be reserved for well-defined subgroups.

Author contributions

Conception and design: WJ and GGB. All authors contributed toward data analysis, drafting and critically revising the paper, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Acknowledgments

The BACE trial is funded by a grant from the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT) through the Toegepast Biomedisch onderzoek met een primair Maatschappelijke finaliteit (TBM) program: IWT–TBM number: 130233. KV is supported by the IWT. Financial support for study logistics is also received from Teva Pharma Belgium. Neither IWT nor Teva Pharma Belgium is involved in the study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The trial is also approved and supported by the Belgian Thoracic Society which provided logistic support for the organization of the investigators’ meetings. Special thanks goes to the Clinical Trial Center of UZ Leuven and the contract unit of KU Leuven Research and Development in supporting the financial contracts and legal aspects of the trial organization. Finally, the BACE trial investigators are acknowledged for their participation and the inclusion of the study patients: Vincent Ninane (CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium), Joseph Aumann (Jessa Ziekenhuis, Hasselt, Belgium), Ingel K Demedts (AZ Delta Roeselare-Menen, Roeselare, Belgium), Hans Slabbynck (ZNA Middelheim, Antwerpen, Belgium), Eric Marchand (CHU de Mont-Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium), Christel Haenebalcke (AZ Sint-Jan, Brugge-Oostende, Belgium), Rudi Peché (CHU de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium), Guy G Brusselle (UZ Gent, Gent, Belgium), Walter Vincken and Shane Hanon (UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium), Jean-Louis Corhay (CHU de Liège, Luik, Belgium), Michiel Haerens (AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium), Antoine Fremault (Grand Hôpital de Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium), Tine Lauwerier (Imeldaziekenhuis, Bonheiden, Belgium), Alix Debrock (Sint Augustinus Ziekenhuis, Antwerpen, Belgium), Jan Lamont (Maria Middelares Ziekenhuis, Gent, Belgium), Geert Tits (Sint-Andriesziekenhuis, Tielt, Belgium), Paul Jordens (Onze-Lieve-Vrouwziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium), Alain Delobbe (Clinique Reine Astrid, Malmedy, Belgium), Jean-Benoît Martinot (Clinique Sainte-Elisabeth, Namur, Belgium).

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.