Spotlight on frovatriptan: a review of its efficacy in the treatment of migraine

Abstract

Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide. Current guidelines recommend triptans as first-line treatment for moderate-to-severe migraine attacks. Frovatriptan is a second-generation triptan with a longer terminal elimination half-life in blood than other triptans (~26 hours). Three double-blind, randomized crossover preference studies have been recently conducted, assessing efficacy and safety of frovatriptan versus rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, and almotriptan, respectively. Frovatriptan showed favorable tolerability and sustained effect, with a significantly lower rate of relapse over 48 hours versus the other triptans. These findings were confirmed in a series of analyses of patient subsets from the three studies, including patients with menstrually related and oral contraceptive-induced migraine, hypertension, obesity, weekend migraine, as well as patients with migraine with aura. In all patient subsets analyzed, lower headache recurrence rates were observed versus the comparator triptans, indicating a more sustained pain-relieving effect on migraine symptoms. A further randomized, double-blind study demonstrated that frovatriptan given in combination with the fast-acting cyclooxygenase inhibitor dexketoprofen provided improved migraine pain-free activity at 2 hours, and gave more sustained pain-free activity at 24 hours, versus frovatriptan alone. These benefits were observed both when the combination was administered early (<1 hour after symptom onset) or late (>1 hour after onset). Different pharmacokinetic, but synergistic, properties between frovatriptan and dexketoprofen may make the combination of these agents particularly effective in migraine treatment, with rapid onset of action and sustained effect over 48 hours. These benefits, together with potential cost-effectiveness advantages versus other triptans could drive selection of the most appropriate treatment for acute migraine attacks.

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Keywords:

• migraine
• frovatriptan
• menstrual
• dexketoprofen
• triptans
• migraine with aura

Introduction

Migraine is a common neurovascular disorder, affecting millions of people worldwide.¹ Migraine without aura is the most commonly experienced type of migraine,² with this type of migraine often having a relationship with the menstrual cycle.² Indeed, in ~50% of females suffering from migraine, there is a menstrual association.³

Current guidelines advocate a stratified approach to migraine treatment, with the choice of initial treatment based on the severity of the attack. Migraine-specific drugs such as triptans are recommended as first-line therapy for moderate/severe attacks.^4,5 Triptans form a group of selective serotonin 5HT-1 receptor agonists, and are widely considered to be the most effective acute treatment for migraine.^6,7 For mild/moderate attacks, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or simple analgesics are recommended as initial treatment,^4,5 with triptans indicated if response to such nonspecific drugs is considered inadequate. A treatment algorithm for migraine has recently been created⁸ (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Treatment algorithm for migraine.

Note: Republished from Touch Medical Media from An algorithm of migraine treatment, Evers S, Lisotto C. Eur Neurol Rev. 2013;8(2); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
Abbreviations: MOH, medication-overuse headache; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The first triptan to be discovered was sumatriptan, following which a number of second-generation triptans were developed. Frovatriptan is one of these second-generation triptans (Table 1); it has a longer terminal elimination half-life in blood compared with other triptans (~26 hours),⁹ and was specifically developed to provide a long duration of action and a low likelihood of side effects.¹⁰ Randomized clinical studies and postmarketing surveys have demonstrated significantly improved effectiveness and tolerability with frovatriptan compared with previous acute therapies, including other triptans.^11,12

Table 1 Overview of frovatriptan for the treatment of migraine

Pharmacologic characteristics	Efficacy	Safety	Patient preference	Cost-effectiveness
High affinity for 5-HT(1B/1D) receptors^Citation58 60%–70% of plasma maximum concentration achieved within 1 hour of dosing^Citation9 Time to maximum concentration 2–3 hours^Citation9 Longer half-life than other triptans (~26 hours)^Citation9 Elimination route and metabolism: hepatic metabolism via CYP1A2 isoenzyme of cytochrome P450; renal clearance accounts for ~40% of total clearance^Citation9 Recommended dose: 2.5 mg (tablets)^Citation35 Maximum daily dose: 5 mg^Citation35	Similar immediate efficacy to comparators (rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, and almotriptan)^Citation30 Greater sustained antimigraine effect versus comparators^Citation30 Effective in menstrually related migraine with lower risk of recurrence versus comparators^Citation19 When given with dexketoprofen, the combination is similarly effective regardless of early (<1 hour) or late (>1 hour) administration^Citation27 Effective in both migraine with and without aura (when taken in the headache phase)^Citation24	Generally well tolerated^Citation30 Most common AEs (dizziness, fatigue, paresthesia, headache, and vascular flushing) are transient, generally of mild-to-moderate intensity, and resolve spontaneously^Citation35 Favorable safety profile compared to other triptans^Citation30	Similar patient preference results versus other triptans^Citation13^–^Citation15	Model analysis suggests economical advantage versus other triptans^Citation49 Lower acquisition cost, need for fewer doses, and loss of fewer working hours versus other triptans^Citation49 Significantly more cost-effective than rizatriptan^Citation49

Abbreviation: AEs, adverse events.

Three direct comparative, double-blind, randomized, crossover studies have assessed the efficacy and safety of frovatriptan (2.5 mg) and compared it with that of rizatriptan (10 mg),¹³ zolmitriptan (2.5 mg),¹⁴ and almotriptan (12.5 mg).¹⁵ Recently, post hoc analyses of these three studies have compared the efficacy of frovatriptan versus rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, and almotriptan in a number of specific patient subsets, including patients with menstrually related migraine,^16–19 oral contraceptive-induced migraine,²⁰ hypertension,²¹ obesity,²² weekend migraine,²³ as well as in patients with migraine with aura.^24,25

The efficacy of the combination of frovatriptan and the NSAID dexketoprofen has also recently been investigated.^26–28

This review aims to provide an overview of the efficacy of frovatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine, in light of recent publications.

Frovatriptan in the acute treatment of migraine: evidence from randomized controlled studies

The three direct comparative, double-blind, randomized, crossover studies involved 33 centers across Italy, and shared a similar study design. The studies included patients from both sexes, aged 18–65 years, with a current history of migraine with or without aura, according to International Headache Society 2004 criteria²⁹ and with between one and six migraine attacks per month for 6 months before commencing the study. Frovatriptan 2.5 mg was compared with rizatriptan 10 mg in the first study, zolmitriptan 2.5 mg in the second study, and almotriptan 12.5 mg in the third study. After treating three episodes of migraine in not >3 months with the first treatment, the patient switched to the other treatment. Patients were encouraged to treat one to three attacks for a maximum period of 6 months. Patients with no migraine episodes during one of the two observation periods were excluded. The primary end point of the studies was the between-treatment comparison of the direction and strength of patient preference, assessed by a questionnaire at the end of the study, and measured on a scale from 0 (no preference) to 5 (strong preference). Secondary end points included numbers of pain-free at 2 hours, pain relief at 2 hours, pain-free at 24 hours, and recurrence of headache within 48 hours. End points for each of the studies are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 Summary of key studies and subanalyses evaluating the efficacy and safety of frovatriptan versus rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, and almotriptan

Study	Primary end points	Key secondary end points
Key studies
Frovatriptan versus rizatriptan^Citation13	Average preference score: 2.9±1.3 for frovatriptan; 3.2±1.1 for rizatriptan (P=NS)	Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Recurrence within 48 hours according to protocol: 22% versus 32% for frovatriptan and rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.001 Recurrence within 48 hours according to IHS criteria: 21% versus 43% for frovatriptan and rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.001 Sustained pain-free at 48 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments
Frovatriptan versus zolmitriptan^Citation14	Average preference score: 2.9±1.3 for frovatriptan; 3.0±1.3 for zolmitriptan (P=NS)	Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Rate of recurrence within 48 hours: No significant difference between treatments Time to recurrence within 48 hours: Significantly better for frovatriptan, especially between 4 and 16 hours (P<0.05) Sustained pain-free at 48 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments
Frovatriptan versus almotriptan^Citation15	Average preference score: 3.1±1.3 for frovatriptan; 3.4±1.3 for almotriptan (P=NS)	Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Recurrence within 48 hours according to protocol: 28% versus 34% for frovatriptan and almotriptan, respectively; P<0.05 Recurrence within 48 hours according to IHS criteria: 30% versus 44% for frovatriptan and almotriptan, respectively; P<0.05 Sustained pain-free at 48 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments
Subanalyses
Frovatriptan versus rizatriptan in menstrual migraine^Citation16	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 24 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 24 hours: No significant difference between treatments Recurrence within 24 hours: 10% versus 32% for frovatriptan and rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.01	Pain relief and pain-free after frovatriptan intake for MRM and non-MRM Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM Pain relief at 24 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM Pain-free at 24 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM Migraine intensity: Significantly larger reduction with frovatriptan than with rizatriptan at 24 and 48 hours (P<0.01)
Frovatriptan versus zolmitriptan in menstrual migraine^Citation17	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 24 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 24 hours: No significant difference between treatments Recurrence within 24 hours: 15% versus 22% for frovatriptan and zolmitriptan, respectively; P<0.05	Pain relief and pain-free after frovatriptan intake for MRM and non-MRM Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM Pain relief at 24 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM Pain-free at 24 hours: No significant difference between MRM and non-MRM
Frovatriptan versus almotriptan in menstrual migraine^Citation18	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 4 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 24 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 4 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 24 hours: No significant difference between treatments Recurrence within 24 hours: 8% versus 21% for frovatriptan and rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.05 Recurrence within 48 hours: 9% versus 24% for frovatriptan and rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.05	Migraine intensity: Significantly larger reduction with frovatriptan than with almotriptan at 24 and 48 hours (P<0.05)
Frovatriptan versus comparators in menstrual migraine: Pooled analysis^Citation19	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Pain relief at 4 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Pain relief at 24 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Pain-free at 4 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Pain-free at 24 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Recurrence within 24 hours: 11% versus 24% for frovatriptan and comparators, respectively; P<0.05 Recurrence within 48 hours: 15% versus 26% for frovatriptan and comparators, respectively; P<0.05	N/A
Frovatriptan versus comparators in oral contraceptive-induced migraine: Pooled analysis^Citation20	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Pain relief at 24 hours: Frovatriptan versus comparators Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Pain-free at 24 hours: 71% versus 60% for frovatriptan and comparators, respectively; P<0.05 Recurrence within 24 hours: 17% versus 27% for frovatriptan and comparators, respectively; P<0.05 Recurrence within 48 hours: 21% versus 31% for frovatriptan and comparators, respectively; P<0.05	N/A
Fovatriptan versus comparators in hypertensive and normotensive subjects^Citation21	Pain relief at 2 hours: Significantly lower for hypertensive versus normotensive subjects for either frovatriptan or comparators (41% versus 52% for frovatriptan; P<0.05 and 48% versus 58% for comparators; P<0.05) Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between hypertensive and normontensive subjects for either frovatriptan or comparators Recurrence within 48 hours: No significant difference between hypertensive and normotensive subjects for frovatriptan; significantly larger in hypertensive versus normotensive subjects for comparators (62% versus 44%; P<0.05)	N/A
Frovatriptan versus comparators in obese and normal-weight subjects^Citation22	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators in either nonobese or obese subjects Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators in either nonobese or obese subjects. Significantly greater in nonobese versus obese subjects for both frovatriptan (30% versus 24%, respectively; P<0.05) and comparators (34% versus 27%, respectively; P<0.05) Recurrence within 48 hours: No significant difference between nonobese versus obese subjects with frovatriptan, but significantly higher in obese subjects with comparators (P<0.05). Significantly lower with frovatriptan versus comparators in both nonobese (26% versus 36%; P<0.05) and obese subjects (27% versus 49%; P<0.05)	N/A
Frovatriptan versus comparators in weekend migraine^Citation23	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between weekend and workday attacks for either frovatriptan or comparators Pain-free at 2 hours: No significant difference between weekend and workday attacks for either frovatriptan or comparators Recurrence within 48 hours: 17% versus 30% for weekend versus workday attacks with frovatriptan; P<0.05; no significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators	N/A
Frovatriptan versus comparators in migraine with aura: Pooled analysis^Citation24	Pain-free at 2 hours: 29.8% versus 10.7% for frovatriptan versus rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.05; no significant difference between frovatriptan versus other comparators Pain-free at 4 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Recurrence within 24 hours: 26.3% versus 42.9% for frovatriptan versus rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.05; no significant difference between frovatriptan versus other comparators Recurrence within 48 hours: 66.7% for frovatriptan versus 89.3% for rizatriptan (P=0.025) and 91.7% for zolmitriptan (P=0.019); no significant difference between frovatriptan versus almotriptan	Migraine intensity at 2 hours: 1.2±1.0 for frovatriptan versus 1.6±1.0 for other triptans; P<0.05 Migraine intensity at 4 hours: 0.5±0.6 for frovatriptan versus 1.2±1.1 for other triptans; P<0.001 Migraine intensity at 24 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators Migraine intensity at 48 hours: No significant difference between frovatriptan versus comparators
Frovatriptan versus zolmitriptan in migraine with aura^Citation25	Pain relief at 2 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain relief at 4 hours: No significant difference between treatments Pain-free at 2 hours: 45.8% for frovatriptan versus 16.7% for zolmitriptan (P<0.05) Pain-free at 4 hours: No significant difference between treatments Recurrence within 48 hours: 9% versus 24% for frovatriptan and rizatriptan, respectively; P<0.05 Sustained pain-free at 48 hours: 33.3% for frovatriptan versus 8.3% for zolmitriptan (P<0.05)	N/A

Abbreviations: IHS, International Headache Society; MRM, menstrually related migraine attacks; N/A, not applicable; NS, not significant.

Average preference scores did not differ significantly between the triptans in the three studies (Table 2). In each individual study, similar efficacy was demonstrated between the four triptans in the immediate treatment of migraine, but there were lower recurrence rates, and thus a better sustained pain relief with frovatriptan (Table 2). A pooled analysis of the three studies was subsequently conducted.³⁰ Rates of pain-free and pain-relief episodes at 2 hours, and sustained pain-free episodes at 48 hours, were similar between frovatriptan and comparators.³⁰ However, consistent with the results of the individual studies, frovatriptan demonstrated significantly lower headache recurrence rates over 48 hours (27% versus 40% with comparators; P<0.001) (Figure 2).³⁰ The lower recurrence rate with frovatriptan may be explained by its longer elimination half-life versus rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, and almotriptan (25–26 versus 2–4 hours).³¹

Figure 2 Cumulative hazard of recurrence over 48 hours during treatment with frovatriptan or comparators (n=346).

Notes: Data are shown separately for each comparator (A) or by pooling together data from the three comparators (B). Reproduced from Neurol Sci. Frovatriptan versus other triptans in the acute treatment of migraine: pooled analysis of three double-blind, randomized, cross-over, multicenter, Italian studies. Volume 32(Suppl 1), 2011, pages S95–S98. Cortelli P, Allais G, Tullo V, et al. With permission of Springer.³⁰

Frovatriptan in the acute treatment of menstrual migraine

Menstrual migraine attacks are more severe, have a longer duration, and respond less well to analgesics compared to nonmenstrual attacks.³² The development of diagnostic criteria² has led to increased recognition of menstrual migraine as a frequently occurring and disabling condition warranting specific treatment. Two clinical forms of menstrual migraine exist: pure menstrual migraine and menstrually related migraine.

Pure menstrual migraine

In pure menstrual migraine, the attacks occur exclusively on day 1±2 (ie, days −2 to +3) of menstruation in at least two out of three menstrual cycles and at no other times of the cycle.²

Menstrually related migraine

In menstrually related migraine, attacks occur on day 1±2 (ie, days −2 to +3) of menstruation in at least two out of three menstrual cycles and additionally at other times of the cycle.²

Prespecified subgroup analyses of the three randomized, crossover studies were carried out in females with menstrually related migraine,^16–18 and a pooled analysis was then carried out on these three subanalysis studies.¹⁹ Similar proportions of pain-relief and pain-free episodes were observed at 2, 4, and 24 hours. However, once again, frovatriptan demonstrated lower headache recurrence rates over 24 hours and even more so over 48 hours (Table 2).¹⁹ Figure 3 shows the greatly reduced risk of recurrence demonstrated with frovatriptan versus other triptans.

Figure 3 Cumulative hazard of recurrence over 48 hours in females with menstrual migraine during treatment with frovatriptan versus comparators.

Note: Reproduced from Allais G, Tullo V, Omboni S, et al. Efficacy of frovatriptan versus other triptans in the acute treatment of menstrual migraine: pooled analysis of three double-blind, randomized, crossover, multicenter studies. Neurol Sci. 2012; 33(Suppl 1):S65–S69.¹⁹

Oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine

Oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine is primarily triggered by estrogen withdrawal during the week of pill suspension,² although this migraine subtype has not been widely studied. An additional post hoc analysis of the three crossover studies^13–15 found that frovatriptan had similar efficacy to comparators in the immediate treatment of acute attacks of oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine.²⁰ However, relapse at 24 and 48 hours was significantly lower with frovatriptan than with the comparators (Table 2), potentially making frovatriptan more suitable for treatment of this form of migraine.

Some form of preventive drug treatment may be useful for menstrual migraine.³³ However, acute treatment is typically more effective,³⁴ and helps to avoid medication overuse. While the frovatriptan summary of product characteristics states that it should not be used prophylactically,³⁵ there is level A evidence indicating that frovatriptan is effective for prevention of menstrual migraine,³⁶ making it the only triptan efficacious for both acute and prophylactic migraine treatment.

Frovatriptan in combination with dexketoprofen for both early and late treatment administration

NSAIDs are indicated in the symptomatic treatment of migraine, particularly for episodic mild/moderate attacks⁵ (Figure 1). The cyclooxygenase inhibitor dexketoprofen reaches maximal plasma concentration after 30 minutes and has been shown to provide rapid reduction of pain in patients with migraine with or without aura.^37,38

The combination of frovatriptan and dexketoprofen was investigated in a recent randomized, double-blind, parallel group study.²⁸ The rationale for combining these two agents is linked to the different intrinsic pharmacokinetic properties of each drug, and the potential to target different mechanisms involved in migraine. The primary end point was the proportion pain-free at 2 hours. Secondary end points included pain-free and pain relief at 1, 2, and 4 hours, sustained pain-free at 24 and 48 hours, and recurrence at 48 hours. The study demonstrated that the combination of frovatriptan 2.5 mg and dexketoprofen (25 or 37.5 mg) provided migraine pain-free activity at 2 hours in 51% of patients (versus 29% with frovatriptan alone; P<0.05 [primary end point]). Pain relief at 2 hours was ~80% with both combinations, while sustained pain-free activity at 24 and 48 hours was achieved with frovatriptan plus dexketoprofen 25 mg in 43% and 36% of patients, respectively (secondary end points).²⁸ This final end point is of particular importance, as it is often considered the more difficult factor to treat.

In contrast to treatment with triptan monotherapy, where early timing of administration plays a key role in providing pain relief, the timing of combination treatment relative to headache onset did not appear to influence clinical benefits of the drug combination.²⁶

A further post hoc analysis of the study specifically evaluated the efficacy of frovatriptan plus dexketoprofen compared with monotherapy, when administered early (<1 hour after symptom onset) or late (>1 hour after onset).²⁷ Both early and late intake of the combination significantly improved pain-free and pain relief at 2 and 4 hours (Figure 4), with the combination therapy similarly efficacious in treating acute migraine attack irrespective of the time of drug intake.²⁷ Furthermore, late intake of frovatriptan plus high-dose dexketoprofen proved efficient at managing the most severe and difficult attacks, decreasing the use of rescue medication, with 95% pain relief at 2 hours and 100% at 4 hours. This is noteworthy, as it lends support to the notion that the combination of triptan plus NSAIDs could potentially reduce the hazards of medication-overuse headaches and related adverse effects.³⁹

Figure 4 Proportion (%) of pain-free at 2 and 4 hours, and of pain relief at 2 and 4 hours, after administration of frovatriptan 2.5 mg, frovatriptan 2.5 mg plus dexketoprofen 25 mg, and frovatriptan 2.5 mg plus dexketoprofen 37.5 mg, by early and late drug intake.

Notes: White bars: frovatriptan 2.5 mg monotherapy. Gray bars: frovatriptan 2.5 mg plus dexketoprofen 25 mg. Black bars: frovatriptan 2.5 mg plus dexketoprofen 37.5 mg. *P<0.05 and between the combination treatment and the monotherapy; **P<0.01 between the combination treatment and the monotherapy. Reproduced from Neurol Sci. Early (≤1 h) vs late (>1 h) administration of frovatriptan plus dexketoprofen combination vs frovatriptan monotherapy in the acute treatment of migraine attacks with or without aura: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind, randomized, parallel group study. Volume 36 (Suppl 1), 2015, pages 161–167. Allais G, Bussone G, Tullo V, et al. With permission of Springer.²⁷

These results suggest that the differences in pharmacokinetic properties between frovatriptan and dexketoprofen may make the combination of these two agents particularly effective in migraine treatment, with dexketoprofen providing early pain relief while the longer half-life of frovatriptan reduces the risk of recurrence within 48 hours.²⁷

Frovatriptan for the treatment of migraine with aura

Migraine with aura constitutes approximately 20%–30% of total migraine attacks,⁴⁰ and can be difficult to treat.²⁴ However, many patients suffer from both forms of attack.²⁴ Evers et al²⁴ performed a meta-analysis of the three previously described randomized, crossover trials,^13–15 together with two other European studies with rizatriptan and zolmitriptan of similar trial design to the three previous studies (data on file).

Pain-free at 2 hours was significantly better with frovatriptan versus rizatriptan (Table 2).²⁴ While higher pain-free rates at 2 hours were achieved with frovatriptan versus zolmitriptan and almotriptan, these did not reach statistical significance. In concordance with the results obtained in the analysis of all migraine attacks studied in the larger trial program,³⁰ frovatriptan resulted in considerably lower relapse rate versus the comparators.²⁴ These results are particularly important as there are few data published regarding triptan efficacy during the aura phase.

On a scale where the headache intensity was graded as 0 = none; 1= mild; 2= moderate; 3= severe, the mean headache intensity was lower with frovatriptan than with the other triptans at both 2 and 4 hours (secondary end points; Table 2). The authors speculate that the severe and long-lasting attacks experienced by patients enrolled, as confirmed by baseline characteristics and migraine disability assessment scores, may have contributed to the particular efficacy demonstrated by frovatriptan at the 2- and 4-hour timepoints.²⁴ It should be noted that, while patients were advised to take the study drug at the start of the headache phase, and not during aura, it is possible that, in some patients, the aura phase was still ongoing at the time of drug intake.

A post hoc analysis of the original randomized, double-blind, crossover study¹⁴ was carried out in patients with a diagnosis of migraine with aura, independently of whether the study drug was taken during aura or headache phase.²⁵ The analysis showed the proportion of pain-free episodes at 2 hours to be significantly greater with frovatriptan (Table 2). Sustained pain-free episodes over 48 hours were also reported significantly more frequently with frovatriptan versus zolmitriptan (Table 2).

Triptans are not approved to be taken during the aura phase of migraine with aura,²⁴ due to a current lack of data in this setting.

Frovatriptan benefits in migraine: evidence from additional subanalyses of the three randomized, controlled studies

Hypertension

Hypertension may be associated with migraine, with high blood pressure potentially enhancing the effects of migraine on the vascular wall, leading to further impairment of cerebral endothelial function, resulting in a form of migraine that may be more difficult to treat.^21,41 Tullo et al²¹ assessed triptan efficacy in subjects with a history of treated or untreated essential arterial hypertension versus normotensive subjects. Pain relief was achieved on significantly fewer occasions in hypertensive than normotensive subjects for frovatriptan and the comparators (Table 2). However, frovatriptan displayed a more sustained antimigraine effect in both hypertensive and normotensive subjects, with relapses at 48 hours similarly low in hypertensive and normotensive subjects following frovatriptan treatment, and significantly larger relapse rates in hypertensive and normotensive subjects with comparators (Table 2).

Obesity

There have been observations of an association between migraine and obesity, which are supported by potential biological mechanisms.⁴² While adult weight-based dose adjustment is not currently recommended in the product information for the available triptans, the need for increased doses in obese patients remains unclear,⁴³ with anecdotal evidence suggesting that obese migraineurs may take higher numbers of tablets of their antimigraine medication due to their condition.

Saracco et al²² compared efficacy and safety of frovatriptan against the three comparators in nonobese versus overweight and obese subjects. The proportion pain-free at 2 hours did not significantly differ between frovatriptan and the comparators in either nonobese or obese subjects. However, the proportion pain-free at 2 hours was significantly larger in nonobese than in obese subjects irrespective of the type of triptan. Recurrence at 48 hours occurred in significantly fewer episodes treated with frovatriptan versus comparators in both nonobese and obese subjects (Table 2).

Of note, the rate of relapse in 48 hours was similar in nonobese and obese subjects with frovatriptan, while it was significantly higher in obese subjects with the comparators. These results suggest that the long half-life of frovatriptan may ensure a low rate of headache recurrence in obese as well as normal-weight individuals, which may be important given that obesity is common among individuals with migraine.²² The results confirm that dose adjustment of frovatriptan is not required in obese patients and therefore implies a lower need of tablets to be taken to relieve pain.

Weekend migraine

Migraine often occurs during weekends. However, evidence regarding efficacy of triptans in weekend migraine is limited.⁴⁴ A retrospective analysis was performed in patients enrolled in the three head-to-head studies who had migraine attacks on weekends as well as workdays.²³ The average number of migraine attacks was greater (P<0.0001) during weekends (285±45 attacks) compared with workdays (256±37 attacks). The proportion pain-free at 2 hours did not significantly differ between weekend and workday attacks for either frovatriptan (26% versus 27%) or comparators (34% versus 32%). However, the relapse rate within 48 hours for weekend compared with workday attacks was significantly lower with frovatriptan, but not with comparators (Table 2).

Therefore, among the different triptans, frovatriptan appears to offer the advantage of a lower risk of recurrence and more sustained antimigraine effect during weekend attacks. These results are an important addition to the literature given the paucity of data on this topic.

Sex

The importance of sex-specific medicine has been emerging worldwide over recent decades. In migraine, specific anatomical, hormonal, and behavioral components make the pathophysiology different between males and females.⁴⁵ As migraine is considerably more common in females than in males, Franconi et al⁴⁶ performed a retrospective analysis of the three head-to-head studies to address possible sex differences in response to antimigraine therapy. The proportion pain-free at 2 hours did not differ significantly between frovatriptan and comparators in either males or females, and pain relief was also similar between treatments for both sexes. However, the rate of relapse was significantly lower with frovatriptan than with the comparators in both males and female (Table 2).⁴⁶

Although migraine tends to present in a more severe form in females than in males, frovatriptan was shown to be efficacious in both sexes, with a favorable sustained antimigraine effect compared with the comparators.⁴⁶ These results represent an important addition to the currently sparse literature on the subject of sex in migraine.

Safety

Pooled analysis of the three randomized, controlled studies showed frovatriptan to be associated with significantly fewer adverse drug reactions, particularly cardiovascular symptoms.³⁰ Tolerability of frovatriptan, used for immediate or repeated sustained use, also compares favorably against sumatriptan⁴⁷ and other acute therapies.¹¹

Cost-effectiveness of frovatriptan in the treatment of migraine

Migraine has a large economic impact on society, with two-thirds of the financial burden linked to indirect costs, such as effect on productivity at work.^48,49 An economical advantage of frovatriptan among the oral triptans has been suggested, with model analysis based on the human capital approach showing frovatriptan to be significantly more cost-effective than rizatriptan in particular.⁴⁹ This outcome is likely due to lower acquisition cost of frovatriptan, the need for fewer doses, and loss of fewer working hours.⁴⁹

Treatment of migraine in pediatric patients

Although the present review focuses on frovatriptan treatment in the acute treatment of migraine in adults, the subject of migraine treatment in pediatric patients is a particularly challenging issue and also worthy of note here.

Management of pediatric migraine includes a comprehensive approach, using both pharmacologic as well as nonpharmacologic therapies. Children and adolescents often respond to over-the-counter medication, including NSAIDs or combination analgesics.⁵⁰ Magnesium has been shown to increase the efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen (paracetamol) in children.⁵¹ There is a paucity of data from randomized, controlled trials regarding triptan use in children and adolescents, and more studies are needed in this patient population. Intranasal sumatriptan and zolmitriptan are approved for use in adolescents in Europe;⁵² however, other triptans and formulations for children and adolescents are currently off-label in Europe. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study by Elkind et al⁵³ showed the pharmacokinetic profile of frovatriptan in adolescents (12–17 years) to be similar to that seen in adults, suggesting that dosing adjustments would be unlikely to be required. The use of frovatriptan in adolescent patients may therefore be possible in the future, although further studies are needed.

Studies have shown beneficial effects of the herbal preparations ginkgolide B and Griffonia simplicifolia extract in children.^54,55 Weight loss is associated with improvement in headache data in obese adolescent migraineurs.^56,57

Conclusion

Triptans remain the preferred treatment option of the majority of patients and physicians for the acute treatment of adult migraine.⁸ A similar extent of initial migraine pain relief is afforded by frovatriptan and other second-generation triptan comparators rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, and almotriptan. Importantly, however, the longer duration of action of frovatriptan, which correlates with its pharmacokinetic profile, provides sustained efficacy and reduced relapse rate, compared with other triptans, offering a benefit to patients in the acute treatment of migraine. These results are consistent across a variety of patient profiles.

These benefits, together with potential advantages of cost-effectiveness versus other triptans, could drive selection of the most appropriate treatment for acute migraine attacks. In all cases, treatment should be tailored to the need of the individual patient.

Acknowledgments

Medical writing support was provided by Melanie More at Prime Medica Ltd (Knutsford, Cheshire, UK) during the preparation of this manuscript, funded by Menarini. The authors participated in the development and reviewing of the manuscript and the opinions and conclusions are those of the authors.

Disclosure

Both authors have occasionally served as scientific consultants for manufacturers of frovatriptan. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.