Efficacy and Safety of Conversion Surgery for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of conversion surgery for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC).

Patients and Methods

Data from 172 HCC patients treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 2016 and June 2021 with effective assessment of HAIC treatment response were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical pathological data, treatment process, survival, and occurrence of adverse events were recorded. Patients were grouped according to whether they achieved imaging remission after HAIC, underwent conversion surgery, and met the surgical resection criteria. Efficacy and safety were analyzed.

Results

The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the imaging remission group were 8.6 months and 26.3 months, respectively, which were longer than the 4.6 months (P<0.05) and 15.6 months (P<0.05) in the nonremission group. Compared with 6.7 months and 18.9 months in the HAIC maintenance group, the median PFS and median OS in the conversion surgery group were 16.5 months (P<0.05) and 45.0 months (P<0.05), but there was a higher risk of treatment-related hemoglobin decrease, alanine aminotransferase increase, aspartate aminotransferase increase, and total bilirubin increase (P<0.05). The risk of biliary fistula, abdominal hemorrhage and ascites in the HAIC conversion surgery group was higher than that of the single surgery group (P<0.05). Compared with the conversion surgery group, the median PFS and median OS of patients in the HAIC maintenance group who met the resection criteria were shorter: 7.1 months (P<0.05) and 21.7 months (P<0.05), respectively. All adverse events during the study were less than moderate, and no toxicity-related deaths occurred during follow-up.

Conclusion

HAIC-based conversion therapy had acceptable toxic effects and could effectively stabilize intrahepatic lesions in advanced HCC, improve the survival benefit of patients, and provide some patients with the opportunity for conversion surgery to further improve prognosis.

Keywords:

• hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy
• advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
• conversion therapy

Introduction

Liver cancer is the fourth most common malignant tumor and the second leading cause of tumor death in China,¹ posing a serious threat to the life and health of Chinese people. It is also the sixth most common malignant tumor and the third leading cause of tumor death in the world.^2,3 The number of liver cancer patients in China accounts for half of the cases in the world, and more than 90% of these patients have hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).⁴ Surgical treatment is still the most effective radical method for liver cancer. Liver transplantation and liver resection complement each other. Due to the severe shortage of donor livers, liver resection is still the first choice for the long-term survival of liver cancer patients. However, because of strong insidiousness and lack of obvious symptoms in the early stage of the disease, more than 60% of liver cancer patients are in the middle and advanced stages at the initial diagnosis,⁵ the median survival time is approximately 2 years,⁶ and surgical removal is feasible in only 15% to 30% when the diagnosis is first made. Most patients have lost the opportunity for surgical eradication therapy,⁷ and palliative systemic therapy is often the only remaining option for these patients. In the past few years, with the introduction and improvement of novel therapies, the treatment of advanced liver cancer has rapidly developed.

“Primary Liver Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Standards” are based on the premise that various medical treatment methods, including interventional therapy, make it possible for cases of unresectable HCC in the middle and advanced stages to be converted into cases of surgical resection.⁶ In the 1980s, in view of the limitations of local treatment methods at that time, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was widely used in the treatment of liver cancer after continuous development and improvement and is still one of the standard treatments for intermediate-stage liver cancer.^8,9 However, long-term clinical experience shows that TACE still has certain limitations due to the abundant blood supply of HCC tumors; the post-TACE formation of new blood vessels and the establishment of collateral circulation renders TACE a means of palliative treatment only in most cases.^10,11 The prognosis and surgery conversion rate after TACE is poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better treatment strategies for advanced HCC.

In recent years, hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) has gradually attracted attention, which is approved by the clinical guideline of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, especially whose tumors were larger than 7cm or TNM stage III/IV. HAIC of the FOLFOX regimen (oxaliplatin + folinate calcium + 5-fluorouracil) significantly improved overall survival and surgery conversion rate in patients with advanced HCC, especially in patients with unresectable large tumor or portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT), compared with TACE.^12–15 Besides, HAIC combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitors also could prolong the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in HCC patients with large tumor burden or vascular invasion.^16,17 Other studies also showed that for HCC whose tumor burden was mainly concentrated in the liver or combined with portal vein tumor thrombosis, FOLFOX-HAIC was more effective than drug-targeted therapy with a higher tumor remission rate.¹⁸ Patients after HAIC treatment may substantially reduce tumor burden or considerable shrinkage of tumor thrombi in large blood vessel staining and, thereby, obtain the opportunity for conversion resection or ablation radical cure, which can improve the prognosis.¹² After unresectable liver cancer transformed into a resectable lesion, the 5-year survival rate after surgery is comparable to that of early liver cancer patients who receive radical resection.^13,19

Compared with the traditional single conversion method, the oxaliplatin-based FOLFOX regimen significantly improves the tumor response rate, has a higher conversion resection rate and better safety and is simple to operate and easy to popularize.^20–23 However, the popularization and application of HAIC is not yet mature, and there are still different understandings in terms of indications and operating specifications. At the same time, the importance of conversion therapy is giving patients the opportunity to receive radical treatment, thereby allowing patients to obtain longer disease-free survival and overall survival, but conversion therapy still needs to be supported by evidence from controlled studies.

Although HAIC treatment can effectively prolong the overall survival of patients with advanced unresectable liver cancer,^9,24 it also faces shortcomings in terms of efficacy and safety. Treatment also progresses within 1.0 to 1.5 years.²⁵ For patients with imaging remission, evidence regarding whether surgery is necessary is currently inconclusive. Although HAIC therapy has a higher tumor remission rate than TACE, sorafenib, etc,²⁶ multiple HAIC implementations may cause liver damage, which in turn affects the safety of conversion hepatectomy. Therefore, surgical safety has also become an important factor to be evaluated before conversion resection: these considerations not only require the evaluation of safety necessary for general hepatectomy but also require focusing on evaluating the potential impact of early conversion on the patient’s liver.⁸

In view of the lack of related research reports, this study was designed to retrospectively analyze and explore prognosis in cases of conversion resection of advanced HCC after HAIC.

Materials and Methods

Patients

This study retrospectively analyzed pathologically diagnosed HCC patients at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from January 2016 to June 2021 and collected clinical data that were used to effectively evaluate the efficacy of HAIC treatment. Inclusion criteria included the following: (1) the initial diagnosis met the diagnostic criteria for primary liver cancer, and the result of biopsy or postoperative pathological diagnosis was HCC; (2) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma which was confirmed by the multidisciplinary treatment (MDT); (3) Child-Pugh classification of liver function was A or B; (4) HAIC treatment involved more than 2 courses; (5) no other tumor diseases were present; (6) and no recent treatment for liver cancer had been performed. The exclusion criteria included the following: (1) secondary liver cancer; (2) Child-Pugh grade C liver function or accompanying jaundice and ascites; (3) combination with TACE, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy; (4) severe cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, liver or kidney diseases; (5) contraindication to medication; (6) and incomplete medical information or patient lost to follow-up.

Treatment discontinuation was based on patient disease progression, death, severe drug toxicity, or a change in treatment regimen. The final follow-up occurred in December 2022. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI was performed every 4–8 weeks with a routine follow-up interval of 2 to 4 months. All patients signed an informed consent form approved by the hospital ethics committee, and the study complied with medical ethics regulations.

HAIC Procedure

All patients received more than 2 courses of HAIC treatment. The number of HAIC cycles were positively correlated with tumor size and clinical stage.²⁷ The maximum times of HAIC were 8 times. The FOLFOX regimen administration method was as follows: oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 arterial infusion for 2 hours, leucovorin 400 mg/m2 arterial infusion for 1 hour, or oxaliplatin 130 mg/m2 arterial infusion after 3 hours of injection; calcium folinate 200 mg/m2 infusion for 2 hours, followed by 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 arterial bolus injection, and 5-fluorouracil 2400 mg/m2 arterial infusion for 46 hours. The HAIC course was administered every 3 weeks, with the catheter removed at the end of the infusion. Imaging examinations (contrast-enhanced MRI was preferred; if not available, contrast-enhanced CT was performed) were performed every 4–8 weeks after each course of HAIC treatment, serum markers were measured 4–8 weeks after each course of HAIC treatment, and both findings were combined to evaluate the treatment reaction.

Surgery

After several senior surgeons comprehensively considered the possibility of surgical resection of the patient and determined that sufficient liver volume could remain after tumor resection, liver dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chest CT examination were performed to determine the location and volume of liver lesions. The size, peripheral vascular distribution and distant metastasis were assessed. The specific criteria for considering feasible surgical resection were summarized as follows: (1) CR/PR was determined by the efficacy evaluation; (2) the residual liver volume met the surgical requirements; (3) radical tumor resection or relatively radical resection could be achieved; and (4) surgical contraindications were excluded. Surgical resection was considered inapplicable for the following reasons: (1) invasion of the portal vein or inferior vena cava; (2) multiple lymph node metastases, distant metastases or intrahepatic lesions that could not be cured; (3) insufficient residual liver volume after radical resection; and (4) contraindications to surgery. Intraoperative ultrasound was used to reconfirm tumor size and surgical margins. All surgical procedures were performed by the same group of surgeons.

Collection of Clinical Data

Patient clinical data regarding the following were collected and recorded:(1) Serological tests, including routine blood and liver and kidney function tests and tumor marker levels, including white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil value, hemoglobin, platelet count, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum bilirubin before and after treatment, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and alpha-fetoprotein; (2) Evaluation of the efficacy of HAIC: According to the RECIST 1.1 standard, complete response (CR) was defined as the disappearance of target lesions after treatment; partial response (PR) was defined as the reduction of the sum of the diameters of target lesions by ≥30%; progressive disease (PD) was defined as an increase in the sum of target lesion diameters by ≥20% or the appearance of new lesions; stable disease (SD) was defined as the reduction of target lesions without partial response or the increase of target lesions without progression; and objective response rate (ORR), defined as the proportion of patients with CR or PR; Besides, according to modified RECIST (mRECIST), modified CR (mCR), modified PR (mPR), modified SD (mSD), modified PD (mPD), and modified ORR (mORR) were also evaluated; (3) Adverse events after HAIC treatment/resection, including biliary fistula, abdominal cavity, postoperative bleeding, ascites, pneumonia, intestinal obstruction, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Adverse events were assessed according to Common Terminology Criteria Adverse Events Version 4.0; (4) Survival data: The survival data of patients from the start of treatment to the observation end point were collected and analyzed statistically, including PFS and OS. PFS was calculated as the time from receiving treatment until disease progression, relapse, or last follow-up. OS was calculated as the time from treatment until death or last follow-up.

Statistical Analyses

The measurement data that was confirmed to be a normal distribution was compared by the t-test while the data that was not confirmed to be a normal distribution was compared by the rank sum test. The rate comparison was performed by the chi-square test. The survival data were analyzed by the Log rank test (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis), and survival curves were plotted. P<0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance.

Results

Characteristics of the Total Study Cohort

From January 2016 to June 2021, 203 patients were pathologically diagnosed with HCC and could be effectively evaluated for HAIC. After exclusion of 12 cases of HAIC with a non-FOLFOX medication regimen and 19 cases of incomplete data, a total of 172 patients were feasible for efficacy evaluation, a total of 172 patients who met the criteria were included, and they were assigned to the experimental group and the control group for comparison according to the following criteria (Figure 1). Among them, there were 153 males and 19 females, aged 22–73 years, with a median age of 51 years. The baseline characteristics of the enrolled patients is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of the Enrolled Patients

Variables	N (%)	Variables	N (%)
Sex		BCLC stage
Male	153 (89.0)	A/B	52 (30.2%)
Female	19 (11.0)	C	120 (69.8%)
Age, years		Child-Pugh class
≤50	88 (51.2)	A	158 (91.9)
>50	84 (48.8)	B	14 (8.1)
ECOG		ALBI grade
0	35 (20.3)	1	122 (70.9)
1–2	137 (79.7)	2	50 (29.1)
HBsAg		AFP, ng/mL
Positive	153 (89.0)	≤400	70 (40.7)
Negative	19 (11.0)	>400	102 (59.3)
Tumor size, cm		Albumin, g/l
≤10	133 (77.3)	≤40	48 (27.9)
>10	39 (22.7)	>40	124 (72.1)
Tumor number		Total bilirubin, μmol/l
≤3	33 (19.2)	≤20	128 (74.4)
>3	139 (80.8)	>20	44 (25.6)
PVTT		ALT, U/l
Absent	76 (44.2)	≤50	110 (64.0)
Present	96 (55.8)	>50	62 (36.0)
HVTT		AST, U/l
Absent	126 (73.3)	≤60	91 (52.9)
Present	46 (26.7)	>60	81 (47.1)
Metastasis
Absent	146 (84.9)
Present	26 (15.1)

Abbreviations: PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombosis; HVTT, hepatic vein tumor thrombosis; BCLC stage, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage; ALBI grade, albumin-bilirubin grade; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein level; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.

Figure 1 Flowchart of the establishment of the experimental group and the control group for comparison, which shows the patient selection of this study.

Effect of HAIC Treatment on Imaging Remission

Imaging remission was defined as CR or PR after HAIC treatment, while nonremission was defined as PD or SD. According to the RECIST 1.1 criteria, patients were classified into an imaging remission group (n=60) and a nonremission group (n=112). The objective response rate after HAIC treatment in the enrolled patients was 34.9%. Besides, patients with mCR or mPR were 77, and the mORR after HAIC was 44.8%. And in the imaging remission group, 25 (41.7%) patients accepted the conversion surgery after HAIC treatment, while in the imaging nonremission group, 26 (23.2%) patients accepted the conversion surgery (p=0.012). The conversion surgery rate after HAIC was 29.7% in the enrolled patients. The baseline characteristics of the patients in the imaging remission and nonremission groups were shown in Supplementary Table 1.

The median PFS and median OS in the imaging remission group were 8.6 (95% CI: 4.551–12.649) months and 26.3 (95% CI: 18.683–33.917) months, respectively, which were longer than the 4.6 (95% CI: 2.859–6.341) months and 15.1 (95% CI: 11.789–18.411) months in the non-remission group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.006; P=0.048) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier plots of progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) in the imaging remission group and nonremission group.

The results of univariate and multivariate analysis showed that patients with ECOG 0, Child-Pugh class B, tumor size lower than 10 cm and no extrahepatic metastases were associated with longer PFS (Table 2), and patients with tumor size lower than 10 cm and without portal vein tumor thrombosis were associated with longer OS (Table 3).

Table 2 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Progression-Free Survival of the Enrolled Patients

Variables	Univariate Analysis	Multivariate Analysis
	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Group (HAIC/conversion surgery)	<0.001	1.55 (1.01−2.36)	0.043
Gender (male/female)	0.430
Age, year (≤50/>50)	0.285
ECOG (0/1–2)	<0.001	0.27 (0.11−0.67)	0.005
BCLC stage (A/B&C)	<0.001	0.63 (0.31−1.28)	0.205
Child-Pugh class (A/B)	0.064	3.13 (1.33−7.37)	0.009
HBsAg (negative/positive)	0.308
AFP, ng/mL (≤400/>400)	0.060	0.86 (0.59−1.26)	0.435
Tumor size, cm (≤10/>10)	<0.001	0.32 (0.19−0.52)	<0.001
Tumor number (≤3/>3)	0.273
PVTT (absent/present)	<0.001	0.74 (0.49−1.13)	0.163
HVTT (absent/present)	0.143
Extrahepatic metastasis (absent/present)	<0.001	0.59 (0.36−0.95)	0.031

Abbreviations: HAIC, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein level; HVTT, hepatic vein tumor thrombosis; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombosis.

Table 3 Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Overall Survival of the Enrolled Patients

Variables	Univariate Analysis	Multivariate Analysis
	P-value	HR (95% CI)	P-value
Group (HAIC/conversion surgery)	<0.001	4.07 (2.53−6.55)	<0.001
Gender (male/female)	0.221
Age, year (≤50/>50)	0.513
ECOG (0/1-2)	0.002	0.89 (0.60−1.32)	0.563
BCLC stage (A/B&C)	<0.001	0.95 (0.45−1.99)	0.887
Child-Pugh class (A/B)	0.019
HBsAg (negative/positive)	0.023
AFP, ng/mL (≤400/>400)	0.131
Tumor size, cm (≤10/>10)	<0.001	0.58 (0.36−0.91)	0.019
Tumor number (≤3/>3)	0.316
PVTT (absent/present)	<0.001	0.47 (0.31−0.70)	<0.001
HVTT (absent/present)	0.271
Extrahepatic metastasis (absent/present)	<0.001	0.73 (0.45−1.18)	0.200

Abbreviations: HAIC, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein level; HVTT, hepatic vein tumor thrombosis; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombosis.

Patients with HCC who were female, with ECOG 0, tumor size lower than 10 cm, a single tumor, or multiple tumors located on one side and no extrahepatic metastases had a higher conversion surgery rate (P<0.05, Table 4).

Table 4 Analysis of Conversion Surgery Rate of the Enrolled Patients

Variables	N	Case	Rate	P-value
Patients	172	51	0.297	–
Gender
Male	153	40	0.261	0.004
Female	19	11	0.579
Age, year
≤50	88	24	0.273	0.485
>50	84	27	0.321
ECOG
0	35	22	0.629	<0.001
1-2	137	29	0.212
BCLC stage
A/B	52	20	0.385	0.096
C	120	31	0.258
Child-Pugh class
A	158	44	0.278	0.152
B	14	7	0.500
HBsAg
Positive	153	47	0.307	0.384
Negative	19	4	0.211
AFP, ng/mL
≤400	70	23	0.329	0.446
>400	102	28	0.275
Tumor size, cm
≤10	133	51	0.383	<0.001
>10	39	0	0.000
Tumor number and location
Single or multiple on one side	19	18	0.947	<0.001
Diffuse	153	33	0.216
PVTT
Absent	76	23	0.303	0.876
Present	96	28	0.292
HVTT
Absent	126	41	0.325	0.170
Present	46	10	0.217
Extrahepatic metastasis
Absent	146	51	0.349	<0.001
Present	26	0	0.000

Abbreviations: BCLC stage, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein level; PVTT, portal vein tumor thrombosis; HVTT, hepatic vein tumor thrombosis.

Efficacy and Safety of HAIC Maintenance Treatment and Conversion Surgery

The imaging remission subgroup was then divided into the HAIC maintenance group (n=35) and conversion surgery group (n=25) according to different treatment methods. HAIC maintenance was defined as receiving only HAIC during treatment without liver resection; conversion surgery was defined as undergoing liver resection after HAIC treatment. The baseline characteristics of the patients in the maintenance and conversion surgery groups were shown in Supplementary Table 2.

Compared with the HAIC maintenance group, the median PFS and median OS in the conversion surgery group were longer, reaching 16.5 (95% CI: 3.444–29.556) months and 45.0 (95% CI: 37.748–52.289) months, respectively. The values for the maintenance group were 6.7 (95% CI: 5.734–7.666) months and 18.9 (95% CI: 14.032–23.768) months, respectively, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.004; P<0.001) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier plots of progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) in the HAIC maintenance group and conversion surgery group.

In terms of the incidence of adverse reactions, compared with the HAIC maintenance group, the more common treatment-related adverse events in the conversion surgery group included anemia, elevated alanine aminotransferase, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, and hyperbilirubinemia, and the differences were statistically significant (P=0.050; P=0.009; P=0.017; P=0.006) (Table 5).

Table 5 Comparison of Treatment-Related Adverse Events Between the HAIC Maintenance Group and Conversion Surgery Group

	HAIC Maintenance (n=35)	Conversion Surgery (n=25)	P-value
Leukopenia (N, %)	11 (31.4)	12 (48.0)	0.193
Neutropenia (N, %)	21 (60.0)	18 (72.0)	0.337
Anemia (N, %)	4 (11.4)	8 (32.0)	0.050
Thrombocytopenia (N, %)	22 (62.9)	16 (64.0)	0.928
Elevated ALT (N, %)	24 (68.6)	24 (96.0)	0.009
Elevated AST (N, %)	28 (80.0)	25 (100.0)	0.017
Hyperbilirubinemia (N, %)	19 (54.3)	22 (88.0)	0.006
Hypoalbuminemia (N, %)	22 (62.9)	19 (76.0)	0.281
Elevated creatinine (N, %)	3 (8.6)	5 (20.0)	0.199

Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase.

At the same time, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of surgery-related adverse reactions in patients with liver cancer who underwent direct surgical resection or surgery after HAIC at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center from January 2016 to December 2022 to further compare safety between direct surgery and surgery after HAIC. According to whether preoperative HAIC treatment was performed, the patients were assigned to the direct surgery group (n=213) or the post-HAIC surgery group (n=107). Compared with direct liver resection, patients undergoing conversion surgery after HAIC had higher risks of postoperative biliary fistula, abdominal hemorrhage, and ascites, and the differences were statistically significant (P=0.006; P=0.002; P=0.003). No toxicity-related deaths occurred during follow-up. The detailed comparison between the two groups is shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Comparison of Treatment-Related Adverse Events Between the Hepatectomy Group and Hepatectomy After HAIC Group

	Hepatectomy (n=213)	Hepatectomy After HAIC (n=107)	P-value
Biliary fistula	7 (3.3)	10 (9.3)	0.006
Abdominal hemorrhage	9 (4.2)	12 (11.2)	0.002
Ascites	9 (4.2)	11 (10.3)	0.003
Pneumonia	11 (5.2)	6 (5.6)	0.868
Intestinal obstruction	5 (2.3)	0 (0)	0.173

Effects of HAIC Maintenance Therapy and Conversion Surgery in Patients Who Met the Criteria for Surgical Resection

Patients who met the surgical criteria after HAIC but no surgery was performed (n=13) were compared with the patients who underwent conversion surgery (n=25). Among them, the median PFS and median OS of the conversion surgery group were longer, reaching 16.5 (95% CI: 3.444–29.556) months and 45.0 (95% CI: 37.748–52.289) months, respectively, which were 7.1 (95% CI: 5.456–8.744) months and 21.7 (95% CI: 11.392–32.008) months in the non-surgery group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.001; P=0.001) (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Kaplan-Meier plots of progression-free survival (A) and overall survival (B) in the HAIC maintenance group that met the resection criteria and the conversion surgery group.

Discussion

HAIC has the advantages of being minimally invasive, safe, efficient, and highly reproducible and has now become an optional treatment for advanced liver cancer, especially in East Asian countries such as China and Japan.^19,28–30 Compared with standard treatment regimens for liver cancer, both negative and positive results of HAIC on prognosis have been reported, and the conclusions of different studies are not consistent.^9,26 However, reassuringly, the ease of operation, safety, and survival benefit of HAIC in the treatment of HCC have been initially demonstrated. The results of studies showed that HAIC provided a relatively high response rate and acceptable toxicity in the treatment of HCC, which to a certain extent reflected the safety and efficacy of HAIC in the treatment of liver cancer;^{12–18,21,22,27} in addition, HAIC still provided substantial benefit in some patients, eg, in patients with portal vein thrombosis or high intrahepatic tumor burden.^18,31 When combined with PD-1 inhibitors or TKIs, HAIC could also improve the prognosis of patients.^18,32–34 However, even so, the evidence for an overall survival benefit of HAIC compared with standard care is insufficient. A recent clinical trial showed that HAIC treatment with sorafenib combined with the FOLFOX regimen can improve the objective response rate of HCC patients with portal vein invasion compared with sorafenib alone, but the survival benefit of patients is not satisfactory. Effective remission of HCC by HAIC did not translate into an overall survival benefit.¹⁸

In this study, the median PFS and median OS of patients who achieved Imaging remission after HAIC were longer than those of patients without Imaging remission, indicating that HAIC had a certain remission rate in the treatment of HCC patients and effectively improved their prognosis. HAIC treatment, as a conversion therapy, helps to improve the survival and prognosis of patients with advanced HCC, but there is still the disadvantage of a lower objective remission rate with monotherapy. Clinically, HAIC has been combined with a variety of treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy, to enhance its therapeutic effect; although the mechanism of action of the combined new therapy is not yet clear, studies have shown that combined therapy is significantly better.^18,34 Although studies of HAIC on survival outcomes, especially OS benefit, are inconclusive, most combination therapies show clinical signs of increased objective response rates compared with HAIC alone. The results of a randomized clinical trial conducted by Shi Ming’s team from Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center proved that compared with sorafenib alone, HAIC treatment with sorafenib combined with FOLFOX can prolong the overall survival of patients with HCC invading the portal vein by 6.24 months.¹⁸

In this study, although the surgical conversion rate after single HAIC was only 14.5%, the median OS and PFS after conversion surgery were 45.0 months and 16.5 months, respectively, which were higher than those in the maintenance HAIC treatment group, indicating that the survival benefit of postconversion resection was significantly better than that of palliative maintenance HAIC. It must be acknowledged that surgical resection allows patients to minimize tumor burden before drug-resistance-induced tumor progression, thereby increasing the chance of tumor cure and prolonging survival. Therefore, for patients with intermediate-to-advanced liver cancer, successful conversion surgery will greatly improve their survival prognosis, which fully reflects the effectiveness of conversion surgery. Studies have also shown that patients with initially unresectable liver cancer can be converted to resection with systemic or local therapy, and has shown promising survival benefits.^7,35,36

In addition, there were some patients in this study who met the criteria for surgical resection after receiving several courses of HAIC treatment and could be converted to surgery. Due to the difficulty of surgery, the high risk of serious postoperative complications, insufficient remaining liver volume, family financial difficulties, lack of willingness and other reasons, these patients did not undergo conversion surgery. Patients in the HAIC maintenance treatment that met surgical criteria showed poor OS or PFS compared with the cohort in the conversion surgery group. The reason is that although a patient’s tumor has a tendency to downstage after HAIC treatment, the tumor continues to progress after the emergence of drug resistance, and the tumor burden does not drop but rises, suggesting that subsequent conversion surgery is still the key to further improving survival and prognosis.

FOLFOX’s HAIC treatment regimen has begun to emerge in the conversion treatment of HCC, and various combination treatment regimens with it as the core have also produced preliminary results,^18,34 which can be seen in the findings of this study. However, current scholars are continuing to explore combining HAIC, immunotherapy, targeted therapy drugs and other treatment methods in efforts to find the optimal combination.²³ Although considerable research results have shown that HAIC-based conversion therapy can effectively prolong the survival, there is still a lack of large randomized controlled trials to provide strong evidence. In recent years, Li QJ et al¹³ have shown that HAIC provides a higher tumor response rate than TACE for patients with large unresectable liver cancer and can significantly prolong survival time. At the same time, for patients with advanced HCC, lenvatinib combined with PD1 and HAIC can significantly improve the RFS rate (80.6%) of patients and can also prolong the OS (mOS, not reached) and PFS (10.5 months) of patients.³⁴ However, not all unresectable liver cancers can be transformed. In our study we found that patients with HCC who were female, with ECOG 0, tumor size lower than 10 cm, a single tumor, or multiple tumors located on one side, and no extrahepatic metastases had a higher conversion surgery rate.

There are also certain limitations to our study. First, because this study was a retrospective study conducted in a single center, selection bias was inevitable In addition, the relatively small number of cases is another factor that restricts the further expansion of the conclusions of this study. What’s more, due to the heterogeneity of HAIC implementation in terms of patient selection, chemotherapy regimen and dosing, and HAIC implementers, these heterogeneities may lead to differences in treatment effects, thereby increasing the difficulty of interpreting trial results.

Conclusion

In summary, FOLFOX HAIC was accompanied by acceptable toxic effects and could effectively stabilize intrahepatic lesions in advanced HCC, improving the survival benefit of patients. Once surgical criteria are met after HAIC, conversion surgery is encouraged since further improvement of the prognosis may be obtained under the premise of ensuring surgical safety.

Ethics Approval and Informed Consent

This study was conducted according to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. This research was approved by the institutional review board of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (Ethical review no. B2022-238-01). The study used retrospective anonymous clinical data that were obtained after each patient agreed to treatment.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; drafted, revised or critically reviewed the article; agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted; gave final approval of the version to be published; agreed to take responsibility and be accountable for the contents of the article.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Data Sharing Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. Further enquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center physician scientist funding (No. 16zxqk04), Wu Jieping Medical Foundation-special fund for tumor immunity (320.6705.2021-02-76), Bethune Fund-Advanced solid tumor project (STLKY2-041), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022A1515110961), Guangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (2023A04J2125), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (82303893).