Abstract
Background
A large number of studies demonstrated that the key to the occurrence and development of Kawasaki disease (KD) is the over-activation of immune cells and the generation of various inflammatory factors, leading to the imbalance of the immune system. Recently, mutations in the FNDC1 gene have been shown to be associated with inflammatory responses. However, there have been no reports on the relationship between FNDC1 gene and KD so far.
Methods
We enrolled 1611 controls and 1459 patients with KD, including 372 patients with coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) and 179 patients with coronary artery lesion (CAL). The relationship between FNDC1 rs3003174 polymorphism and KD with CAA or without CAA was investigated.
Results
This study showed no evidence that the association between FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism and KD susceptibility was statistically significant (CT versus CC: adjusted odds ratio (OR) =0.897, 95% confidence interval (CI) =0.769–1.045, P=0.162; TT versus CC: adjusted OR=0.995, 95% CI=0.786–1.260, P=0.968; dominant model: adjusted OR=0.916, 95% CI=0.792–1.059, P=0.235; and recessive model: adjusted OR=1.055, 95% CI=0.845–1.316, P=0.638). However, our further stratified analysis in the control and KD group bore out that the incidence of TT genotype of FNDC1 rs3003174 C > T polymorphism was higher than that of CC/CT genotype in KD patients stratified by CAA (adjusted OR=1.437, 95% CI=1.034–1.996, P=0.031). Moreover, a stratified analysis of age and gender in KD patients indicated that the rs3003174 TT genotype increased the risk of CAA formation in aged ≦60 months (CC/CT vs TT: adjusted OR=1.580, 95% CI=1.106–2.259, P=0.012) and male (CC/CT vs TT: adjusted OR=1.653, 95% CI=1.101–2.481, P=0.015) KD patients.
Conclusion
The results of this study demonstrated that the FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism may be a hazard factor in the formation of CAA in KD patients that was not disclosed before.
Introduction
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an immune-mediated acute vasculitis syndrome with unknown etiology that mostly occurs in infants and children under 5 years old.Citation1 The incidence of KD is higher in boys than in girls, compared to about 1.5 ~ 1.7:1.Citation2 According to reports, the principal cause of pediatric acquired heart disease in developed countries is KD, with 25% of untreated cases leading to coronary artery aneurysm (CAA), which can increase the risk of sudden cardiac death and is a long-term potential life threat.Citation1 So far, despite extensive investigations and studies, the cause of KD remains unknown, which limits its treatment options.Citation3 However, there is growing evidence to support that hereditary factors may play a pivotal role in its occurrence and development.Citation3,Citation4 Studies declared that the incidence of KD varies from race to race, with children in Asian countries having a much higher rate than those in western countries.Citation5 Furthermore, there is familial clustering. Siblings of children with KD have 10-times higher risk than general population, and children of parents who have suffered from KD are twice as likely to develop the disease.Citation6 Some genes which were essential involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases or inflammation have been confirmed to work on the onset and development of KD. As shown in our previous studies, there was a connection between P2RY12 rs7637803 genotype,Citation7 PEAR1 Polymorphism (rs12041331)Citation8 or Angiotensinogen Gene Polymorphism (rs5050)Citation9 and the occurrence of CAA in children with KD. Simultaneously, a meta-analysis indicated that SLC8A1 gene polymorphism was not only associated with KD susceptibility but also with coronary artery abnormalities.Citation10 ITPKC single-nucleotide polymorphism was also reported to be related to coronary artery lesion (CAL) and CAA formation in KD.Citation11,Citation12 These prior studies implied that KD was highly correlated with genetic background, thus providing a basis for further research on genetic variation that may be related to KD.
Fibronectin type III domain containing 1(FNDC1), located in human chromosome 6p25.3 region, encodes the conserved fibronectin (FN1) type III domain.Citation13 As an important extracellular matrix protein, FN1 played a part in cell proliferation, migration and apoptosis as a regulator in tumorigenesis. It also participated in the pathogenesis of several blood and cardiovascular systems diseases.Citation14,Citation15 Related studies revealed that expression of FN1 in distant metastatic breast cancer cells was closely related to metalloproteinases in matrix mononuclear inflammatory cells.Citation16 At present, there are few studies on the biological function of FNDC1, but the published reports indicated that FNDC1 might be critical in the functioning of the human inflammatory response. FNDC1, which initially came into existence as a differentially expressed mRNA in human skin fibroblasts, was deemed to be associated with the progression of skin tumors. It was induced by IL-1α, IL-1β, TGF-β1 and TNF-α in vitro, which together constituted the inflammatory microenvironment of tumor cells to help tumor metastasis and spread.Citation17 Meanwhile, FNDC1 was found to be involved in VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in endothelial cells, especially in the distribution and transport of VEGF receptor 2 (VEFR-2), which had a strong tyrosine kinase activity and was a direct factor affecting angiogenesis.Citation18,Citation19 By binding to VEGFR-2, VEGF dimerized the receptor to directly inhibit its activity and interfere with the transmission of downstream signal molecules, subsequently inhibiting angiogenesis.Citation18 The existing studies also displayed that FNDC1 was a pathogenic gene of acute otitis media in children,Citation20 and had a certain correlation with hypertension.Citation21 In summary, the literature on FNDC1 indicated that FNDC1 may be related to inflammation in the body.
Although the pathogenic mechanism of KD is still a mystery, a large number of studies have observed that KD is a kind of vasculitis syndrome with immune response imbalance and abnormal expression of various cytokines, such as VEGF, MMP-3, MMP-9, and CD40L.Citation3,Citation22 Moreover, CAA after KD was formed by the gradual development of coronary vascular inflammation. Therefore, it is reasonable to speculate that FNDC1 gene may truly work in the pathogenesis of KD by altering immune or inflammatory responses. However, as far as we know, the relationship between FNDC1 gene and KD has not been reported. Therefore, in this study, we will focus on whether there is a correlation between the polymorphism of FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T gene and the events of KD.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center (2014073009). All the Kawasaki disease patients and the control group were given detailed information about the purpose of the study and signed an informed consent form. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Subjects
From 2014 to 2019, 1459 children with Kawasaki disease that were diagnosed according to the criteria from the American Heart Association (AHA)Citation23 were recruited from Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center. We tracked the coronary artery results of all patients with echocardiography for 3 months or more, and took the most severe degree of coronary artery damage within three months to group under the guidance of AHA standards.Citation23 All children were Han Chinese without blood relationship. The control group consisted of 1611 healthy children matched with the gender and age of children with KD were randomly selected from children who underwent routine physical examination at the same time.
DNA Extraction
Two-milliliter peripheral blood samples of each participant were collected, and then Genomic DNA Extraction Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China) was used to extract genomic DNA in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Genomic DNA was measured for concentration and quality using nucleic acid quantifier, and then stored at −80°C for SNP genotyping later.
SNP Genotyping
GeneAmp PCR System 9700 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was applied to genotype high-quality genomic DNA samples in 384-well plates. The genotyping kit was TIANexact genotyping qPCR premix (probe) produced by TIANGEN in Beijing, China. The PCR amplification procedure was performed as follows: denaturing at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 45 cycles of denaturing at 95°C for 15s and annealing and extension at 60°C for 1 min. The primers and probes were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.
Statistical Analysis
We first tested hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in the control group by chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. Pearson chi square test was used to evaluate the distribution of demographic variables and genotype frequency in case and control groups. Unconditional logistic regression analyses, odds ratio (ORS) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to analyze the relationship between rs3003174 and KD susceptibility. In order to avoid the bias of genetic model, the analysis was put into practice under dominant, recessive and additive models, respectively. Simultaneously, we conducted a stratified analysis of subgroup data, such as gender, age and coronary artery results. SAS software (Version 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was adopted for statistical analysis of all data and P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Characteristics of the Subjects
As shown in , we included 1459 children with KD and 1611 controls in our study. The average age of children with KD was 26.97±22.42 months (range 1.00–156.00), while it was 33.57±24.07 months (range 1.00–168.00) for controls. Meanwhile, males and females accounted for 63.26% (923 cases) and 36.74% (536 cases) of the KD group, respectively. There were no statistical differences in age (P=0.864) and gender (P=0.285) between KD patients and controls. Among the KD cases, CAA was present in 372 cases (25.50%) and CAL was present in 196 cases (13.43%).
Table 1 Characteristics of the Subjects
Analysis of Association Between FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T Polymorphism and the Risk of KD
The genotype distributions of FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism in the KD and control group were described in detail in . We analyzed all the data under the condition that the distribution of FNDC1 rs3003174C>T polymorphism in the control group met Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P=0.051). However, it could be concluded that no significant correlation was observed between FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism and KD susceptibility (CT vs CC: adjusted OR=0.897, 95% CI=0.769–1.045, P=0.162; TT vs CC: adjusted OR=0.995, 95% CI=0.786–1.260, P=0.968; dominant model: adjusted OR=0.916, 95% CI=0.792–1.059, P=0.235; and recessive model: adjusted OR=1.055, 95% CI=0.845–1.316, P=0.638).
Table 2 Genotype and Allele Frequencies of FNDC1 in KD Patients and Controls
Stratification Analysis of FNDC1 Polymorphisms in KD Patients and Controls
KD is correlated with age and gender, and coronary artery disease is one of its complications. While, FNDC1 has been reported to be associated with angiogenesis. Therefore, with the control group as a reference, we further analyzed the inheritance model of FNDC1 rs3003174 in the stratification of different ages, genders, and severity of coronary artery disease in the KD group. The results in manifested that the incidence of TT genotype of FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism was higher than that of CC/CT genotype in KD patients stratified by CAA (adjusted OR=1.437, 95% CI=1.034–1.996, P=0.031). We also analyzed subgroups stratified by gender (age-adjusted), subgroups stratified by age (gender-adjusted), but no other significant relationships were suggested in our analysis.
Table 3 Stratification Analysis of FNDC1 Polymorphisms in KD Patients and Controls
Analysis of Association Between FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T Polymorphism and CAA Susceptibility in KD
KD is a vasculitis disease characterized by a low onset-age and a high male-proportion. As revealed in , compared with controls, FNDC1 rs3003174 TT genotype was a risk factor for KD with CAA. Hence, we conducted a stratified analysis of FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism in KD CAA and NCAA groups ( and ). displayed that in KD patients, the FNDC1 rs3003174 TT genotype was associated with an increased risk of CAA (TT vs CC: adjusted OR=1.547, 95% CI=1.067–2.243, P=0.021; dominant model: adjusted OR=1.098, 95% CI=0.861–1.401, P=0.449; and recessive model: adjusted OR=1.551, 95% CI=1.097–2.193, P=0.013). Meanwhile, we also found that the FNDC1 rs3003174 TT genotype increased in aged ≦60 months (CC/CT vs TT: adjusted OR=1.580, 95% CI=1.106–2.259, P=0.012) and male (CC/CT vs TT: adjusted OR=1.653, 95% CI=1.101–2.481, P=0.015) KD patients ().
Table 4 Genotype and Allele Frequencies of FNDC1 in KD Patients with or without CAA
Table 5 Stratification Analysis of FNDC1 Polymorphisms in KD Patients with or without CAA
Discussion
Kawasaki disease, also called mucosal lymph node syndrome, has been reported in most countries or regions in the world since it was first described by Japanese doctor Tomi Kawasaki in 1967.Citation22 With the in-depth study of KD, growing evidence reveals that its pathogenesis and development are inseparable from genetic factors.Citation3,Citation4 In our study, we compared 1459 controls and 1611 cases in the southern Chinese population, and found that the rs3003174 polymorphism of the FNDC1 gene had no relevance to KD susceptibility. However, it was very interesting that in our further stratified analysis, we detected that the FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism was bound up with coronary aneurysm complications in KD.
The most serious complication in patients with KD was heart attack caused by coronary artery aneurysm whose underlying molecular mechanism had not been elucidated clearly.Citation1,Citation24 However, coronary artery dysfunction caused by cardiovascular inflammation that was induced by inflammatory factor infiltration was confirmed to be a leading cause of coronary artery lesion.Citation24,Citation25 In the process of angiogenesis and remodeling, there were close and complex interactions among vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix, inflammatory cells and related inflammatory factors. Studies had shown that FNDC1, also known as activator of G-protein signaling 8, was an independent helper protein receptor for the G protein β and γ subunits and expressed in different tissue types, including heart, thyroid, kidney and adipose tissue.Citation26–Citation28 Various signaling pathways involved in FNDC1 gene were interrelated, which were closely related to the inflammatory response and immune response. For example, it could activate PI3Kgamma to regulate inflammation by stimulating the production of neutrophils;Citation29,Citation30 in addition, it also activated RhoGef to participate in the process of lymphocyte chemotaxis and actin polymerization.Citation31 FNDC1 isolated from rat hearts undergoing repeated transient ischemia with collateral circulation may be involved in inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis under inflammatory or hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia induced FNDC1 mRNA expression in rat aortic smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells or myocardial fibroblasts, suggesting a cardiomyocyte-specific adaptive mechanism including G protein signaling pathway remodeling.Citation28,Citation32,Citation33 A study found that knocking down FNDC1 by small interfering RNA could effectively inhibit the angiogenesis induced by VEGF, and also inhibit cell growth and migration.Citation18 We previously made a hypothesis in the introduction that FNDC1 gene may influence the pathogenesis of KD, and data from this study further supported this supposition. It was seen from our analysis that compared with CC/CT genotype, KD patients with TT genotype of FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism had a higher morbidity of CAA. Geng et alCitation34 demonstrated that T allele of rs2392989, the SNP locus of FNDC1, was more prone to acute otitis media, and may be associated with lower methylation level of CG05678571 and higher expression of FNDC1 gene. In 2021, Bouchareb et alCitation35 found that as the degree of calcification of aortic valve became more severe, the expression of FNDC1 in the extracellular matrix was increased. More interestingly, the metabolic enzymes of aortic valve were also down-regulated, leading to significant destruction of metabolic pathways. This observation indicated that the mutations of FNDC1 gene were related to vascular disease of the heart. To a certain degree, our results were consistent with these studies, which proved that the variants of FNDC1 gene may induce systemic or local inflammatory responses in vivo. Recently studies had widely shown that excessive activation of immune cells to produce plenty of inflammatory factors were the key to the onset and development of KD.Citation36,Citation37 Moreover, combined with our present data and the above mentioned studies on function of FNDC1 in inflammation and angiogenesis, we preliminarily inferred that the mechanism of FNDC1 gene mutation affecting KD depends on the loss of the complete function of FNDC1 protein, thereby affecting the signal transduction of the G protein signaling pathway that was critical to the blood vessel development and cellular inflammation. However, this is the first study on the relationship between FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism and KD. Therefore, more studies on KD patients with CAA, combined with genomics, proteomics and clinical index analysis, are needed to further reveal the exact role FNDC1 plays in the pathogenesis of CAA in KD.
There are some limitations in this study that need to be improved. First of all, since the selected subjects of this study are only from the southern Chinese population, we lack KD patients and healthy controls from other regions. Second, this study only studied the rs3003174 C>T polymorphism of FNDC1 gene, and did not include other SNPs in FNDC1 gene that may potentially affect KD. Third, because this is a retrospective study, we only considered age and gender in the logistic regression analysis, ignoring the influence of other factors such as familial hereditary factors and birth history. Future research should consider these influencing factors to confirm the results of this study.
In general, 1459 controls and 1611 KD patients were recruited for the study. No data in the study revealed that there was a significant correlation between FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism and KD susceptibility. Nevertheless, our results suggested that FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T polymorphism may be involved in the development of CAA. In other words, its genotype could be considered as a predictive biomarker of CAA in southern Chinese KD patients, especially male children younger than 60 months. Follow-up studies are needed to further investigate the mechanisms of FNDC1 rs3003174 C>T on KD CAA.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Clinical Biological Resource Bank of Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center for providing all the clinical samples.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
Additional information
Funding
References
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