Abstract
Background
C-reactive protein (CRP) is inversely related to prognosis in many cancers, however, no studies regarding the predictive value of CRP in small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) are available. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of preoperative CRP in patients with SCCE.
Methods
From January 2001 to December 2010, a retrospective analysis of 43 consecutive patients with SCCE was conducted. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic parameters.
Results
In our study, elevated CRP levels (>10 mg/L) were found in 16 patients (37.2%). CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with deeply invasive tumors (P = 0.018) and those associated with nodal metastasis (P = 0.018). Patients with CRP ≤10 mg/L had a significantly better overall survival than patients with CRP >10 mg/L (25.9% vs 6.3%, P = 0.004). Multivariate analyses showed that CRP was a significant predictor for overall survival. CRP >10 mg/L had a hazard ratio of 2.756 (95% confidence interval: 1.115–6.813, P = 0.028) for overall survival.
Conclusion
Preoperative CRP is an independent predictive factor for long-term survival in patients with SCCE.
Introduction
Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (SCCE) is a rare disease, which was first described in 1952 by McKeown.Citation1 The incidence of SCCE within all esophageal cancers (ECs) is 0.05%–2.4% in Western populations, and this rate rises up to 7.6% in Chinese and Japanese literature.Citation2,Citation3 Previous studies suggested that SCCE is a highly aggressive disease with poor prognosis.Citation3 Although advances have occurred in multidisciplinary treatment, the 5-year survival in SCCE is still poor. Therefore, assessing the prognostic factors in SCCE patients will become more and more important.
Recently, there has been increasing evidence that a systemic inflammatory response is of prognostic value in various cancers.Citation4,Citation5 C-reactive protein (CRP) is an index of systemic inflammation. Recent publications have suggested that preoperative CRP is inversely related to prognosis in many cancers; a high level is associated with poor prognosis.Citation6,Citation7 Furthermore, a few recent studies investigated the value of CRP levels in patients with EC and obtained encouraging results in terms of prognosis prediction.Citation8–Citation10 However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies regarding the predictive value of CRP in SCCE are available. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of CRP in patients with SCCE.
Materials and methods
Patients
From January 2001 to December 2010, a retrospective analysis was conducted of 43 patients with SCCE who underwent curative esophagectomy at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China). All of the patients included in the analysis fit the following criteria: (1) SCCE confirmed by histopathology; (2) limited disease without distal metastasis; (3) curative esophagectomy with margins free of disease. Based on the medical records, the following data were collected for each patient: age, gender, tumor length, tumor location, preoperative CRP, depth of invasion, nodal metastasis, treatment, and other miscellaneous characteristics.
All of the above patients were followed up by posting letters or by telephone interviews. The last follow-up was November 30, 2011. All subjects gave written informed consent to the study protocol, which was approved by the Ethical Committees of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China.
Preoperative CRP measurement
Data on preoperative CRP were extracted in a retrospective fashion from the medical records. All blood test results were taken within 1 week prior to surgery. Serum CRP was determined by latex-enhanced homogeneous immunoassay (wide-range) (Hitachi 917; Skill, Munich, Germany). Normal values provided by the manufacturer were lower than 10 mg/L.
Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy was used in 26 cases. Among them, 13 cases were treated with four to six courses of platinum-based combination chemotherapy, eight cases with radiotherapy, and five cases with chemoradiotherapy, respectively. For chemotherapy, eight patients were treated with etoposide plus cisplatin, three with paclitaxel plus cisplatin, and one with 5-fluorouracil plus platinum. For radiotherapy, radiation was delivered from 2 Gy per day, 5 days per week, to a total dose of 45–68 Gy. No patients were treated with neoadjuvant.
Statistical analysis
Statistical evaluation was conducted with SPSS (v17.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The patients were divided into two groups according to the CRP measured preoperatively: those with CRP values in the normal range (≤10 mg/L) and those with elevated CRP levels (>10 mg/L). The Pearson Chi-squared test was used to determine the significance of differences between the two groups. The overall cumulative probability of survival was calculated by the Kaplan–Meier method, and the difference was assessed by the log-rank test. A univariate analysis was used to examine the association between various prognostic predictors and survival. Possible prognostic factors associated with overall survival were considered in a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (Enter). Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to quantify the strength of the association between predictors and survival. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
The baseline characteristics are shown in . Among the 43 patients, 13 (30.2%) were women and 30 (69.8%) were men. The mean age was 58.7 ± 7.8 years, with an age range of 45–74 years.
Table 1 The baseline characteristics of 43 patients with SCCE
There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, gender, tumor location, tumor length, or vessel involvement. However, CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with deeply invasive tumors (T3–4a vs T1–2, P = 0.018) and those associated with nodal metastasis (positive vs negative, P = 0.018) ().
Table 2 The characteristics between patients with CRP ≤10 mg/L and >10 mg/L
Univariate analyses were performed using the Kaplan– Meier method to assess the predictive capability of each variable assessed. Multivariate analyses were then performed with the Cox proportional hazards model. In that model, we demonstrated that CRP (HR: 2.756, 95% CI: 1.115–6.813, P = 0.028), and chemoradiotherapy (HR: 0.294, 95% CI: 0.129–0.673, P = 0.004) were independent prognostic factors (). In addition, patients with CRP ≤10 mg/L had a significantly better overall survival than patients with CRP >10 mg/L (25.9% vs 6.3%, P = 0.004) ().
Figure 1 Patients with CRP ≤10 mg/L had a significantly better 5-year overall survival rate than patients with CRP >10 mg/L (25.9% vs 6.3%, P = 0.004).
Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of overall survival in SCCE patients
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the prognostic value of preoperative CRP in predicting the prognosis for patients with SCCE. Our study showed that preoperative CRP is an independent predictive factor for long-term survival in patients with SCCE (HR: 2.756, 95% CI: 1.115–6.813, P = 0.028).
The standard therapy for SCCE has not been yet established. Because of the rarity of SCCE, prospective, randomized controlled trials of its optimal treatment are unlikely. The histology and clinical characteristics of SCCE are similar to small cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL); subsequently, investigations have recommended that a multimodal approach be used for SCCE as it is for SCCL.Citation11 The most commonly used regimens include platinum-based agents, which are often used for SCCL.Citation12 However, the optimal radiation dose for SCCE has not been established. For patients with limited disease, there were several reports showing that long-term survival of SCCE was achieved after esophagectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy.Citation13,Citation14
There is a strong link between inflammation and cancer. It is well known that cancer promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines from tumor cells. The cytokines interact with the immunovascular system and facilitate growth, invasion, and metastasis.Citation4,Citation5 Recent studies have shown that elevated preoperative serum CRP levels may be associated with tumor size, depth of invasion, and nodal metastasis, resulting in poor prognosis in patients with various cancers, including EC.Citation6,Citation7,Citation9 Thus, in our study, we wanted to determine whether preoperative CRP level is associated with overall survival after esophagectomy for SCCE.
Our results demonstrated that CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with deeply invasive tumors (P = 0.018) and those associated with nodal metastasis (P = 0.018). This observation is in line with data from Shimada et alCitation8 and Nozoe et al,Citation9 but is contrary to the result of Guillem et al,Citation10 who suggested that preoperative CRP is not significantly correlated with the above clinicopathological factors. However, in our study, no relationship was found between CRP level and tumor size.
A number of studies have shown that increased preoperative CRP levels in various solid tumors are associated with poor prognosis.Citation6,Citation7 Shimada et alCitation8 demonstrated that although the difference in survival was mainly attributable to differences in TNM staging between the low and high CRP groups, preoperative CRP was an independent prognostic factor according to multivariate analysis. In our study, the survival of patients in the high CRP group (>10 mg/L) was significantly worse than that of the low CRP group (≤10 mg/L; 25.9% vs 6.3%, P = 0.004). In addition, preoperative CRP was an independent prognostic factor according to multivariate analysis (P = 0.028).
The reasons why CRP levels can be correlated with prognosis in cancer patients remain to be determined. Any explanation of accumulating data showing that serum CRP is involved in host defenses against infections as highlighted by murine transgenic models must be speculative.Citation15–Citation17 As with other proteic markers of acute inflammation, CRP has several biological functions including complement activation through the classical pathway, opsonization, leukocyte chemotactism, and platelet activation.Citation18,Citation19
The potential limitations of the present study include the relatively small number of patients, as well as the fact that the analysis was retrospective, and the short mean follow-up duration. Furthermore, due to the limited number of patients with SCCE, our analysis may suffer from type I or type II errors. The results of the study should therefore be regarded with caution. In addition, no control population study was undertaken; hence, there are limitations in the scientific observations. Larger prospective studies will need to be performed to confirm these preliminary results.
Conclusion
Our study showed that preoperative CRP is an independent predictive factor for long-term survival in patients with SCCE. Serum CRP is a simple, reliable, cheap, and reproducible method, for which interpretation is relatively easy in the context of a non-septic neoplasia. We therefore propose pretreatment CRP as a useful adjunct that can be associated in routine practice with pretreatment screening in patients with SCCE.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Ms Ying Huang (Department of Nursing, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital) for data collection and statistical analysis.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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