Psychosocial distress and the preferred method of delivery of mind–body interventions among patients with head-and-neck cancer

Abstract

Objective

To describe the psychosocial distress of head-and-neck cancer patients at the completion of therapy and the interest in and the preferred method of delivery of mind–body interventions (MBIs) among head-and-neck cancer patients.

Materials and methods

A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to measure sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, and the interest in and the preference for MBIs using anonymous, self-report questionnaires among a convenience sample of 30 males at their 3-month follow-up. Questionnaires included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the self-created Survey for Preferred Methods of MBI. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample demographic and clinical characteristics.

Results

The mean age of the sample was 59 years. Oral cancer (63%) was the most common type of cancer. Nineteen participants (63%, 90% CI 47%–78%) had some interest in MBIs. Of interested participants, 8 (42%) preferred participating in MBIs alone, 10 (53%) preferred participating in MBIs at homes, 10 (53%) preferred participating in MBIs using a computer or mobile device, and 8 (42%) preferred participating in MBIs after the diagnosis, but before treatment started. Mean depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance scores were 8.25 (SD 2.93), 5.41 (SD 3.52), and 6.3 (SD 3.86), respectively. Results from the independent-samples t-test and Mann–Whitney U tests revealed no significant differences in anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance by MBI interest.

Conclusion

Asking about depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances may help to identify head-and-neck cancer patients at risk for psychosocial distress. These findings suggest an interest in MBIs, but further research is warranted.

Keywords:

• depression
• sleep
• mind–body
• intervention
• head-and-neck cancer

Introduction

Head-and-neck cancer (HNC) is the ninth-most common cancer, comprising about 4% of all cancers in the US.^1,2 Advances in cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment have substantially increased the number of HNC survivors, and with this have highlighted the importance of survivorship needs. Coping with the physical and emotional challenges of HNC and its treatment can lead to psychosocial distress among patients.³ HNC patients experience among the highest rates of major depressive disorders of all oncology patients, with prevalence rates as high as 46%, which is particularly elevated compared to other oncology patients, in whom depression rates vary between 20% and 30%.⁴ Tobacco and alcohol use are the most important risk factors for the majority of HNC, which alone can also contribute to psychosocial distress,⁵ suggesting premorbid vulnerability among HNC patients.⁶ In addition, infection with human papillomavirus causes >50% of oropharyngeal cancer, a subset of HNC that is increasing in incidence.¹ Survivorship care is particularly important in patients with human papillomavirus-related HNC as these patients tend to be diagnosed at an earlier age and have a much better prognosis.

HNC has been identified as more emotionally traumatic than any other type of cancer, and HNC patients consistently rank among the top three cancers with the highest rates of suicide, after lung and stomach cancers.^7,8 The increased levels of psychosocial distress and suicide may be associated with the negative functional impact HNC confers on eating, speaking, and communication, and the side effects of treatment, including pain, facial disfigurement, impaired swallowing function, and impaired speech.^9–12 Furthermore, the treatment of HNC may have a negative impact on individual self-image, social functioning, and quality of life (QOL).^3,9,13–15 Posttreatment, HNC patients describe difficulties in coping with the side effects of treatment and accessing supportive care when away from the hospital setting, leading to increased depression and anxiety during this period.¹⁶

At 12 months posttreatment, residual concerns among HNC survivors often include physical functioning, fatigue, xerostomia (dry mouth), and sticky saliva.¹⁷ Difficulty with saliva and swallowing can lead to decreased interest in social activities and relationships, which are predictive of anxiety in cancer survivors.¹⁸ Neilson et al¹⁹ found that anxiety levels were higher pretreatment and lower immediately following HNC treatment, but rose to near pretreatment levels more than a year after completion of cancer treatment. Sleep disturbances are also commonly experienced among HNC patients.²⁰ In a longitudinal study of 270 HNC patients before the start of radiation therapy, approximately 47% and 26% of patients reported moderate–severe and severe levels of sleep disturbances, respectively.²⁰ HNC patients with sleep disturbances further reported increased daytime fatigue, concentration difficulties, and symptoms of depression.²¹ One year after the completion of treatment, sleep disturbances predicted survival among HNC patients.²² HNC patients are at increased risk for sleep disturbances as a result of high rates of pain, depression, nicotine and alcohol use, obstructive sleep apnea, surgical alterations, and xerostomia.^23,24 Factors affecting sleep include pain, xerostomia, depression, smoking, and drinking, suggesting that modifiable factors are associated with sleep disturbances among patients with HNC.²⁴

The Institute of Medicine’s report “From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor: Lost in Transition” emphasized the importance of interventional research to address the psychosocial consequences of cancer and its treatments, and that providing increased support during follow-up will likely lead to significant health-care cost savings.²⁵ Exploration of complementary options, such as mind–body interventions, is common and increasingly popular among cancer survivors. According to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,²⁶ mind–body interventions include a variety of techniques designed to enhance the mind’s capacity to affect bodily function and symptoms, and have the potential to target multiple physiological and psychological processes associated with cancer and its treatment. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is an evidence-based psychotherapy particularly well suited for the cancer population.^27,28 The cancer experience is often described as a feeling of loss of control, uncertainty, constant change, and betrayal by one’s body. MB interventions in cancer encourage people to accept difficult emotional experiences, embrace change, and reacquaint with their bodies. Past research on MBSR has been conducted primarily among breast and prostate cancer survivors.^29,30 Both investigational and routine clinical psychosocial support for HNC patients are uncommon, precluding QOL benefits for these patients.^16,31,32 Studies have suggested that HNC survivors are interested in interventions to improve their QOL, yet these studies have been completed among non-US populations, and currently one pilot study based in Australia is exploring MBSR as an intervention for HNC patients receiving radiation.^33,34

Given the high prevalence of psychosocial distress among HNC patients, new approaches are desperately needed to improve both survivorship and QOL.³³ Understanding the extent of psychosocial distress and preferences for delivery of mind–body intervention in HNC survivors is prerequisite to planning an intervention.³⁵

Materials and methods

Design and sample

An exploratory cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the ambulatory Head and Neck Oncology Clinic at the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. Inclusion criteria were age ≥18 years, diagnosis of locally advanced head or neck squamous cell carcinoma, within 3 months of completion of therapy (surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy), and the ability to read and speak English at the eighth-grade level or above. Patients with a current diagnosis of a severe psychiatric disorder were excluded. This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Dana–Farber Institute/Harvard Cancer Center and deemed exempt from further full institutional review-board review and given a waiver of written consent, as this was a voluntary, anonymous survey with full information provided. No protected health information was collected. The Head and Neck Oncology Clinic’s program nurse identified potential participants as each arrived in the clinic setting. Eligible participants were provided with a paper survey packet upon check-in and prior to their scheduled 3-month follow-up clinic appointment.

Procedure

Between August 2014 and May 2015, eligible participants were provided with a paper survey packet and instructed to return the completed survey in a sealed envelope at the clinic or by mail in the preaddressed, postage-paid envelope.

Measures

Socioeconomic information was queried, including age, race/ethnicity, religion, education, marital status, employment status, and income. Participants completed a medical history form for cancer diagnosis, date of diagnosis and treatment, treatment types, and additional treatment-related questions.

Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).³⁶ The HADS is a 14-item, self-report questionnaire measuring levels of anxiety and depression that have occurred over the past week in two separate seven-item subscales. Participants responded to items on a 4-point Likert scale, with possible subscale scores of 0–21. The internal consistency in this study was 0.76 for the anxiety subscale and 0.82 for the depression subscale.

Sleep disturbance was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).³⁷ This instrument contains 19 self-rated questions referring to respondents’ sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, sleep medication use, and daytime dysfunction over the past month. The 19 self-rated questions produce seven component scores, scored on 4-point response options, which are summed for a global PSQI score. A global PSQI score >5 is associated with worse sleep quality. The overall reliability coefficient for the global PSQI was 0.56 for this study.

The survey for preferred method of mind–body intervention consisted of two sections with a total of 11 questions and took <5 minutes to complete. The first section consisted of investigator-designed questions assessing the preference for MBSR participation. The first question of this section assessed participant interest in MBSR. Respondents selected a number from 1 to 5, with 1 being not interested and 5 being extremely interested. The second section consisted of questions from the 2012 national health interview survey questionnaire on adult alternative health/complementary and alternative medicine³⁸ assessing any prior or current use of mind–body therapies.

Data analysis

SPSS version 22.0 was utilized for all data entry, management, and analysis for this study. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic and clinical characteristics. Continuous variables and categorical variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Independent-sample t-tests and nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests were used to determine if anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance scores differed significantly by MBSR interest. Anxiety and depression scores were grouped as “no anxiety” and “no depression” for scores 0–7 and “some anxiety” and “some depression” for scores ≥8 on the HADS. Sleep disturbances scores were grouped as “no sleep disturbances” for scores <5 and “some sleep disturbances” for scores ≥5 on the PSQI. Cross tabulations using Pearson’s χ² and Cramer’s V were used to examine the relationship between treatment type and MBSR interest. An α-level of 0.05 was used to determine the statistical significance.

Results

Sample demographics

Approximately five completed questionnaires per month were returned, for a total of 31 questionnaires over the collection period of 6 months. One questionnaire was completed by a woman. For consistency, the data for this study were analyzed on the 30 men who completed the surveys. Table 1 lists the demographic and clinical characteristics of all participants. The ethnicity of the sample consisted of 22 (73%) non-Hispanics, 6 (20%) Hispanics, and 2 (7%) who did not provide this information. The mean age was 59 years (51–69 years). The most common type of cancer was oral cancer (63%), and the most common type of treatment was a combination of radiation and chemotherapy (80%).

Table 1 Demographics and clinical characteristics of participants (n=30)

Demographics/clinical characteristics		n	%
Race
	White	27	90
	Black or African-American	0
	Asian	1	3.3
	Other	1	3.3
	More than one race	1	3.3
Ethnicity
	Non-Hispanic	22	73.3
	Hispanic or Latino	6	20
	Total	28	93.3
Marital status
	Married	28	93.3
	Single	2	6.7
Work status
	Disability	1	3.3
	Full time	20	66.7
	Retired	6	20
	Unemployed	2	6.7
	Other	1	3.3
Annual income (US$)
	25,000–74,999	6	20
	75,000–99,999	11	36.7
	>100,000	9	30
	Missing	4	13.3
Type of cancer
	Larynx	3	10
	Oral	19	63.3
	Pharynx	4	13.3
	Tonsils	3	10
	Missing	1	3.3
Treatment type
	Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy	6	20
	Only radiation and chemotherapy	24	80
Difficulty swallowing
	No	14	46.7
	Yes	16	53.3
Feeding tube
	No	26	86.7
	Yes	4	13.3

Note: Frequencies not summing to 30 and percentages not summing to 100 indicate missing data.

Symptom assessment

Mean depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance scores were 8.25 (SD 2.93), 5.41 (SD 3.52), and 6.3 (SD 3.86), respectively. Percentages of the sample reporting some level of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances are presented in Table 2.

Table 2 Symptoms among participants (n=30)

Symptoms	n	%
Depression
None	15	50
Some	15	50
Anxiety
None	18	60
Some	12	40
Sleep disturbances
None	14	46.7
Some	15	50
Missing	1	3.3

Notes: Frequencies not summing to 30 and percentages not summing to 100 indicate missing data. No anxiety and no depression included scores 0–7, and some anxiety and some depression included scores ≥8 on the HADS; no sleep disturbances included scores <5, and some sleep disturbances included scores >5 on the PSQI.

Abbreviations: HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

MBSR interest and preference

Of all participants, 63% of the sample was interested in MBSR. Preferences for setting, location, initiation of program, and previous use of relaxation techniques of those that were interested are presented in Table 3.

Table 3 MBSR variables among participants

MBSR variables	n	%
Interest
None	11	36.7
Some	19	63.3
Setting
Alone	8	42.1
With other cancer survivors	11	57.9
No preference	0
Location
At home	10	52.6
In a hospital/clinical setting	6	31.6
No preference	1	5.3
Initiation of program
After diagnosis, but before treatment starts	8	42.1
During treatment	6	31.6
3–6 months after treatment	4	21.1
6–12 months after treatment	1	5.2
Use prior to diagnosis of meditation, guided imagery, or progressive relaxation
Yes	6	20
No	24	80
Prior to diagnosis of mantra meditation
Yes	2	6.7
No	28	93.3
Prior to diagnosis of mindfulness meditation
Yes	2	6.7
No	8	26.7
Don’t know	19	63.3
Missing	1	3.3
Prior to diagnosis of spiritual meditation
Yes	4	13.3
No	26	86.7
Prior to diagnosis of guided imagery
Yes	3	13.3
No	27	90

Notes: Frequencies not summing to 30 and percentages not summing to 100 indicate missing data; “some” interest based on a score of ≥2.

Abbreviation: MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction.

Relationships among anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances by MBSR interest

Results from the independent-sample t-test and nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests revealed no significant differences for anxiety, depression, or sleep disturbance by MBSR interest (P>0.05). Exact P-values are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Relationships among anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances by MBSR interest (n=30)

Symptoms	n	$\overline{\mathbf{x}}$	SD	t	P
Anxiety				0.35	0.73
No interest	11	7.45	3.83
Some interest	19	7	3.22
Depression				−1.29	0.208
No interest	11	6.09	3.15
Some interest	19	7.63	3.17
Sleep disturbances				–0.22	0.829
No interest	11	11	5.59
Some interest	19	11.39	4.02

Abbreviation: MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction.

Relationship between treatment/symptom variables and preference for MBSR

Differences in MBSR interest based on the type of HNC, the type of treatment, and the presence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances are seen in Table 5. A significant relationship was found between the type of treatment and MBSR interest (χ²₁=7.03, Cramer’s V=0.48; P=0.008). A greater proportion of participants who received only radiation and chemotherapy expressed some MBSR interest (94.7%) compared to participants who showed no interest (54.5%). In contrast, a greater proportion of participants who received all three treatments expressed no MBSR interest (45.5%) compared to participants who had some interest (5.3%).

Table 5 Cross-tabulation of relationships among clinical variables, symptoms, and MBSR interest (n=30)

Clinical variables/symptoms	No interest		Some interest		χ^2	P	Cramer’s V
	n	%	n	%
HNC type					2.23	0.526	0.277
Larynx	0		3	15.8
Oral	8	80	11	57.9
Pharynx	1	10	3	15.8
Tonsils	1	10	2	10.5
Feeding tube					2.67	0.102	0.298
No	11	100	15	78.9
Yes	0		4	21.1
Difficulty swallowing					0.01	0.919	0.018
No	5	45.5	9	47.4
Yes	6	54.5	10	52.6
Anxiety					0.22	00.643	0.085
None	6	54.5	12	63.2
Some	5	45.5	7	36.8
Depression					0.14	0.705	0.069
None	6	54.5	9	47.4
Some	5	45.5	10	52.6
Sleep disturbances					0.28	0.597	0.098
None	6	54.5	8	44.4
Some	5	45.5	10	55.6
Treatment					7.03	0.008	0.484
Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy	5	45.5	1	5.3
Only radiation and chemotherapy	6	54.5	18	94.7

Abbreviations: MBSR, mindfulness-based stress reduction; HNC, head-and-neck cancer.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore the prevalence of psychosocial distress among HNC patients combined with the preference for mind–body interventions. First, we found high rates of self-reported sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression symptoms among HNC patients following completion of therapy. Second, our findings with minimal missing responses suggest that HNC patients have a preference for mind–body interventions initiated at home, with other cancer survivors, and early in the treatment trajectory. Interestingly, all but one of the returned surveys were from men. We have no exact record of the number of surveys actually distributed by the program nurse. The ratio of men to women treated in the clinic is 3:1, and low female participation was expected. Previous studies among the HNC population have reported higher male incidence and participation.³⁹

Approximately 50% of the sample reported some level of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. This is in keeping with previous studies that have reported incidence rates of 15%–50% for major depressive disorder among HNC patients and clinically significant anxiety.^40,41 A longitudinal study among HNC patients found that depression increased between the start of radiotherapy and up to 3 weeks following, while anxiety increased between 3 weeks and 18 months postradiotherapy, with lower QOL related to increased depression and anxiety.¹⁹ Furthermore, a review of depression among HNC patients found that psychosocial distress was associated with lower QOL, reduced immunity, prolonged hospital stays, and decreased self-care abilities.⁴⁰

Key findings of this study suggest that men with HNC are interested in MBSR after their diagnosis – but before treatment starts or during treatment – and a significant difference was found between the type of treatment and the interest in MBSR. This is noteworthy because past research on MBSR has focused primarily on providing the intervention after the completion of treatment during the survivorship period.^30,42,43 Pollard et al³⁹ found that HNC participants were adherent to the IMBSR program and compliant with a home practice requirement, despite the increasing toxicity burden faced by patients during the course of radiation therapy. In addition, past research findings have suggested that patients receiving treatment while participating in MBSR experience significant improvements in QOL, depression, anxiety, and mood (chemotherapy and/or radiation), and psychosocial coping, helplessness, hostility, and emotional control (radiation only).^44,45

A single-arm study to address the challenges faced by HNC patients during active treatment using an individualized MBSR intervention was completed by Pollard et al.³⁹ Individualized MBSR was delivered in seven 90-minute sessions administered one on one by clinical psychologists to 19 HNC patients. Sessions were run concurrently with the patient’s radiotherapy treatment on a weekly basis. Increased levels of postintervention mindfulness were associated with decreased postintervention psychological distress, including depression and anxiety, and increased QOL, social well-being, and emotional well-being.³⁹ These results indicated that an individualized MBSR program could be used successfully with HNC patients undergoing curative treatment and warrant further testing in randomized trials.

Strengths and limitations

Given our single-gender results from a comprehensive cancer center with limited racial diversity, these findings cannot be generalized to women with HNC or to more racially diverse groups or community settings. Second, history and current use of tobacco and alcohol were not collected. Third, participants who were interested in reporting outcomes and preferences may have been more likely to return the survey; this could have resulted in selection bias. Finally, an untested instrument was utilized for collecting intervention preference data and may not have assessed participants’ preference reliably. The results of this study suggested that patients with HNC are interested in interventions provided at home. More widespread access to mind–body interventions targeting patients with cancer has been challenged by economic, geographic, and time barriers.⁴⁶ Common barriers to in-person group classes might be overcome with Internet-based delivery of intervention, offering an alternative for some individuals that may significantly increase access and adherence.

Implications for research and practice

Based on the previous research and clinical practice, many patients with psychosocial distress do not want to be referred to psychological care, and thus, MBSR interventions could play a critical role and serve as a bridge to professional services.^47,48 The findings of this research study can be used to plan optimal locations and timing of MBSR as an intervention to address the psychosocial needs and QOL of HNC patients. Our findings suggest that future research evaluating MBSR interventions may be best implemented prior to or during curative definitive therapy, rather than following treatment completion. The majority of patients in our study preferred to participate in MBSR with other cancer survivors, and there is also growing public interest in mindfulness training online and using smartphones. As patients gain increased access to computers and mobile devices, we believe that studying the possibilities and effects of extending cancer care beyond conventional face-to-face care through mobile devices is warranted. In a systematic review of 10 studies delivering MB therapy through technological platforms, Fish et al²⁸ reported that anxiety, depression, and stress were reduced in a number of studies. The effect sizes of online interventions were comparable to the effect sizes of face-to-face mindfulness interventions on anxiety and depression scores.^49–51

In addition, assessments of distress should be incorporated as part of survivorship care. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer provides a tool to self-identify distress level from 0 to 10, with 10 being an extreme level of distress.⁵² As emotional side effects of cancer are not often discussed, this tool may make it easier for patients to disclose emotional concerns related to diagnosis and treatment. Adherence to appropriate screening protocols and identification of distress have led to an 18% decrease in emergency department visits and a 19% decrease in hospitalizations in a 2-month period following screening.⁵³ The incorporation of distress screening may ultimately lead to improved psychosocial and physical health outcomes. Finally, while the majority of HNC cases occur in men,⁵⁴ future studies incorporating larger sample sizes should assure appropriate sex representation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study was an important preliminary step, suggesting that men with HNC commonly experience psychosocial distress, and further suggests that they are interested in participating in an MBSR program. Our participants expressed interest in participating in MBSR with other cancer survivors at a home location, indicating that interactive online applications may be preferred methods of delivery. Our findings also suggest preferences for MBSR interventions to begin prior to or during treatment, rather than following treatment completion, and the optimal timing of MBSR should be studied further.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Robert Haddad, MD, Laura Ma, RN, and Holly Lopes, RN, who provided support in patient identification and distribution of questionnaires. Funding for this study was supplied by the Mittelman Family Foundation.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.