Rational Design of Gold Nanoparticle Toxicology Assays: A Question of Exposure Scenario, Dose and Experimental Setup

Abstract

Many studies have evaluated the toxicity of gold nanoparticles, although reliable predictions based on these results are rare. In order to overcome this problem, this article highlights strategies to improve comparability and standardization of nanotoxicological studies. To this end, it is proposed that we should adapt the nanomaterial to the addressed exposure scenario, using ligand-free nanoparticle references in order to differentiate ligand effects from size effects. Furthermore, surface-weighted particle dosing referenced to the biologically relevant parameter (e.g., cell number or organ mass) is proposed as the gold standard. In addition, it is recommended that we should shift the focus of toxicological experiments from ‘live–dead’ assays to the assessment of cell function, as this strategy allows observation of bioresponses at lower doses that are more relevant for in vivo scenarios.

Keywords::

• colloids
• dosimetry
• functional toxicity
• implant debris
• ligand
• nanogold
• nanomaterial
• particle characterization
• surfactant

Financial & competing interests disclosure

The work was generously supported by the German Research Foundation (Priority Program SPP1313 and BA3580-10-1 with RA898-8-1). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

The work was generously supported by the German Research Foundation (Priority Program SPP1313 and BA3580-10-1 with RA898-8-1). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.